The Implementation of Energy-Saving Lighting Systems for Poultry Houses

The provision of lighting in poultry shelters is an energy-intensive process in poultry farming, due to a lack of sunlight in closed facilities. Lighting plays an important role in the majority of organism biorhythms and it clocks the processes of vital activities of the birds. Lighting directly influences productivity, growth and sexual maturation of birds. A determining factor for the lifetime of an LED is the crystal heating temperature during its operation. It may be assumed that the LED lifetime is largely independent of the variation in the current passing through the LED (within the limits of its design values). The research objective was to conduct laboratory testing to compare the electricity consumption between the existing and a newly developed lighting system for poultry house no. 19 of the Kuchinsky Poultry Breeding Plant. In order to conduct the laboratory testing, the authors developed lighting fixtures consisting of sealed plastic bodies with an LED-carrying PCB inside. The testing continued for 113 days. The new system consumed 662 kWh, while the previous system consumed 783 kWh. Energy savings through the testing period amounted to 15%. During the testing, the new equipment was reliable; no failures of LED fixtures were recorded. Keywords: LED lighting, energy conservation, poultry farming, microclimat

Kofer

Književno prevođenj

Developing Algorithms and a Mathematical Model for Monitoring the Physiological State of Cattle

This study involved theoretical and experimental research at farms with existing hardware and software. Measurements were conducted with non-invasive methods using special bolus transmitters (smaXtec animal care GmbH, Graz, Austria) developed for cow health monitoring. The boluses were introduced orally into the rumen of the studied cows. Algorithms and mathematical models were constructed for identifying estrus, calving and illnesses, and for monitoring feed and water consumption. Initial data were imported from a standard file, compatible with other applications (CSV table). Additionally, correlations were analyzed between temperature indicators, the rumen pH and the motor activity of the cattle. Illustrations include plots of the main vital factors and the correlated functions, and a screenshot of the software working console. Also included are tables with the results for each cow, the average values and the RMS deviation. The mathematical model developed is a set of algorithms and calculation results. Code for its implementation was written in Matlab R2019b and is attached to this report. This mathematical model may be used to process and interpret data obtained by boluses put into the rumen of animals. Keywords: cattle, rumen acidity, temperature, motor activity, estrus, calvin

Microchannel avalanche photodiode with wide linearity range

Design and physical operation principles of new microchannel avalanche photodiode (MC APD) with gain up to 10^5 and linearity range improved an order of magnitude compared to known similar devices. A distinctive feature of the new device is a directly biased p-n junction under each pixel which plays role of an individual quenching resistor. This allows increasing pixel density up to 40000 per mm^2 and making entire device area sensitive.Comment: Submitted to Journal of Technical Physic

Ureteroplasty using oral mucosa graft: a literature review. Update in 2022

Introduction. The review is aimed at analyzing the worldwide experience in the use of the oral mucosa in ureteroplasty due to benign ureteral strictures.Objective. To study the features of the use of the oral mucosa in ureteral reconstruction based on a review of the worldwide literature.Materials and methods. The review was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, and the Russian Science Citation Index database. In the first stage, 1013 sources were found, of which 38 articles were selected for inclusion in the review. Of these, 13 studies used an open approach, 15 — robotic, 6 — laparoscopic, 3 — laparoscopic and robotic, 1 — open and laparoscopic. A buccal graft was used in 29 studies and a lingual graft was used in 9 studies.Results. In total, oral mucosal ureteroplasty was performed 308 times in 306 patients: open technique — 64 times, robotic — 145 times, laparoscopic — 99 times. A buccal graft was used in 67.9% (209/308) of the cases, a lingual graft was used in 32.1% (99/308). Postoperative complications were observed in 15.9% (49/308) of the cases: 12.2% after the open technique, 10.4% after the robotic technique and 20.2% after the laparoscopic technique. With a postoperative follow-up period of 1 to 85 months (average 15.3 months), treatment success was achieved in 92.5% (285/308) of the cases: 93.8% for open technique, 88.2% for robotic, 98.0% for laparoscopic.Conclusion. The use of the oral mucosa for ureteroplasty due to benign ureteral stricture allows high rates of efficiency and safety. The results of ureteroplasty do not depend on the choice of surgical approach, type of graft and graft transplantation technique

On features of potential distribution in avalanche photodiodes with deeply buried pixels

The shape of potential distribution in micro-pixel avalanche photodiodes (MAPD) with deeply buried pixels is investigated. It was found that the electrons created in the photosensitive part of the device are collected to the corresponding n-pixel and multiplied in the avalanche region. At the same time the holes generated in the semiconductor substrate passes through the gaps between the n-pixels and therefore they are not amplified. This results in improvement the both signal/noise ratio and radiation resistance of the devic

Разработка энергоэффективной системы микроклимата для беспривязного содержания дойного стада

The authors studied the scientific and technical literature regarding the microclimate influence on dairy cattle productivity. It was found out that the building microclimate parameter deviation from certain limit values reduces milk yield by 10-20 percent decrease the live weight gain by 20-30 percent increases the mortality of young animals by 5-40 percent and reduces the number of lactations by 15-20 percent for the herd. (Research purpose) To conduct a survey of modern microclimate systems and their technical implementation for livestock buildings, suggesting the best option while reducing energy costs. (Materials and methods) A classification scheme was provided for microclimate systems. The factors affecting the microclimate of livestock premises were presented in one figure. The main functions of ventilation systems in animal husbandry were identified. The conditions for the use of natural and forced (tunnel) ventilation systems were described. The devices for changing the microclimate on the premises were presented. The possibility of using an overlapped ridge in the area of the roof ridge was considered to catch the airflow and minimize moisture penetration. (Results and discussion) To decrease energy consumption, it was proposed to shift from a supply ventilation system to a natural and hybrid ventilation system, which contains an air removal system, lighting equipment, heating elements, sensors, fans with spray nozzles, sashes. (Conclusions) It was found out that in summer, natural ventilation is unable to prevent heat stress from cows. It was determined that in case of heat stress within 60 days, losses could amount to 4.2 million rubles. To ensure optimal microclimate conditions and reduce costs from heat stress, it was proposed to use an innovative natural and hybrid ventilation system. The calculations showed that a 60-day energy consumption of  the proposed system equals 264 thousand rubles.Изучили научно-техническую литературу, посвященную влиянию микроклимата на продуктивность молочного скота. Установили, что отклонение параметров микроклимата в зданиях от определенных предельных значений снижает надои на 10-20 процентов, уменьшает прирост живой массы на 20-30 процентов, увеличивает падеж молодняка на 5-40 процентов, сокращает количество лактаций на 15-20 процентов по стаду. (Цель исследования) Провести обзор современных систем микроклимата и их технической реализации для животноводческих помещений, предложив оптимальный вариант при снижении энергозатрат. (Материалы и методы) Привели схему классификации систем микроклимата. Представили в одном рисунке факторы, влияющие на микроклимат животноводческих помещений. Определили основные функции систем вентиляции в животноводстве. Описали условия применения естественной и принудительной (тоннельной) систем вентиляции. Представили устройства для изменения микроклимата в помещениях. Рассмотрели возможность использования перекрытого гребня в зоне конька крыши для увеличения воздушного потока и минимизации проникновения влаги. (Результаты и обсуждение) Для экономии энергопотребления предложили вместо системы приточной вентиляции перейти на естественно-гибридную, которая содержит систему удаления воздуха, осветительное оборудование, нагревательные элементы, датчики, вентиляторы с распылительными форсунками, створки. (Выводы) Установили, что естественная вентиляция летом не способна предотвратить тепловой стресс от коров. Определили, что при тепловом стрессе в течение 60 дней убытки могут составить 4,2 миллиона рублей. Для обеспечения оптимальных условий микроклимата и снижения затрат от теплового стресса предложили использовать инновационную естественно-гибридную систему вентиляции. В ходе расчетов выявили, что энергопотребление предлагаемой системы в течение 60 дней равно 264 тысячам рублей

Автоматизация обеззараживания воздуха и освещения в сельскохозяйственных помещениях

The article describes the urgency of this problem and modern ways of its solving. Modern disinfection and lighting systems are not developed enough. The authors proposed to automate the system of disinfection, dust removal and lighting in the farm building. We developed algorithm on the basis of which the universal program in the programming language C ++ was written. Assembled the microprocessor set ARDUINO. The program is included in the microprocessor ATMEGA, which is part of ARDUINO. As a basis for the disinfection system, a two-component ARUF device was used, which includes two decontaminating components: an ultraviolet lamp and an aerosol dispenser. Each of the algorithms (lighting and disinfection) consists of 3 parts: data collection and analysis, control, data output to the display. The sequence of 3 parts is 1 cycle, then it repeated. In the first part on the basis of indications of sensors assignment to variables of some values was carried out. In the second part, based on the values of the variables, the decontamination and lighting devices are controlled. In the third part due to changing the screen number, variable, it is possible to switch the display and view the status of the installation and external parameters. The program, written on the basis of algorithms, is universal and suitable for almost any poultry and livestock buildings. All parameters (the time of the beginning and completion of the ARUV operation within 24 hours, the daily time of the illumination of a certain cycle, the maximum and minimum humidity, the duration of each cycle) used for control and management are variables. Operator can set the items using the display in the menu.Отмечена актуальность проблемы обеззараживания, обеспыливания помещений и современные способы ее решения. При выращивании животных и птицы это может не только повысить продуктивность, но и облегчить работу персонала. Предложено автоматизировать систему обеззараживания и обеспыливания помещения, а также систему освещения. Разработан алгоритм, на основе которого написана универсальная программа на языке программирования С++. Проведена комплектация микропроцессорной платформы ARDUINO необходимыми датчиками. Программа внесена в микропроцессор ATMEGA, входящий в состав ARDUINO. За основу обеззараживающей системы взято двухкомпонентное устройство АРУФ, включающее в себя два компонента: ультрафиолетовый и аэрозольный модули. Каждый из алгоритмов (освещения и обеззараживания) состоит из трех частей: сбор и анализ данных; управление; вывод данных на дисплей. Последовательность составляет один цикл, который затем повторяется. В первой части на основе показаний датчиков осуществляется присвоение переменным некоторых значений. Во второй части на основе значений переменных происходит управление устройствами обеззараживания и освещения. В третьей части в результате изменения номера экрана и переменной возможны переключение дисплея и просмотр данных о состоянии установки и внешних параметров. Разработанное устройство универсально и пригодно для любых птицеводческих и животноводческих помещений. Все параметры (время начала и завершения работы АРУФ в пределах 24 ч, суточное время освещения определенного цикла, максимальная и минимальная влажность, длительность каждого цикла), на основе которых ведется контроль и управление, являются переменными, то есть оператор может задавать их с помощью дисплея в меню настроек

Разработка модульной системы цифровизации бонитировочных работ

It is noted that the existing weighing platforms for weighing dairy cattle demonstrate certain shortcomings during the grading process. It was proposed to determine the fatness of animals by scanning their sacrum with optical systems, which allows monitoring their physiological state and, in case of deterioration, promptly change the diet. (Research purpose) To develop a modular system for the digitalization of appraisal process ensuring the autonomy and independence of modules. (Materials and methods) The emphasis is paid on the necessity of integrating into the whole farm system by using a unified Internet space. The development of a modular system for digitalization of appraisal was divided into 4 modules. A grading algorithm was worked out and compared with the layout diagram of the modules in order to assess the volume of work on the grading digitalization. Four strain gauges were installed in the weighing module. (Results and discussion) It was proved that the module provides high-precision weighing of animals (C3 accuracy), regardless of the external influence factors such as cow movements and the asymmetrical position of the cow inside the system box. The results can be displayed on the display of a single control unit. The camera of the vision module was placed at a height of 2,200 millimeters, which eliminates it being damaged by the animals and provides an unobstructed view for the 3D ToF camera. The transportation dimensions of the system prototype are as follows: length – 2,500 millimeters, width – 1,564, height – 2,118 millimeters. The total mass of the manufactured system, including the original platform, is approximately 620-640 kilograms. (Conclusions) A modular system for digitalization of appraisal work has been successfully developed and created. The weighing module was tested revealing an error of less than 1 percent, when testing the system with a reference mass of 655 kilograms and that of 1,200 kilograms. Отметили недостатки существующих на рынке весовых платформ для взвешивания молочного скота при бонитировке. Предложили определять упитанность животных путем сканирования крестца оптическими системами, что позволяет отслеживать их физиологическое состояние и в случае нарушений оперативно изменять рацион. (Цель исследования) Разработать модульную систему цифровизации бонитировочных работ при условии автономности и независимости модулей. (Материалы и методы) Приняли во внимание необходимость интегрирования в общую систему фермы с использованием единого интернет-пространства. Предусмотрели 4 модуля. Составили алгоритм бонитировки и сопоставили его со схемой расположения модулей, чтобы оценить масштабы работы по цифровизации бонитировочных работ. В модуле взвешивания установили 4 тензометрических датчика. (Результаты и обсуждение) Доказали, что модуль осуществляет высокоточное (точность С3) взвешивание животных независимо от их движения и расположения в боксе, результаты выводятся на дисплей единого блока управления. Камеру модуля технического зрения расположили на высоте 2200 миллиметров, что исключает ее повреждение животными и обеспечивает беспрепятственный обзор для трехмерной ToF-камеры. Транспортировочные габариты прототипа системы составляют: длина – 2500 миллиметров, ширина – 1564, высота – 2118 миллиметров. Общая масса изготовленной системы, включая исходную платформу, составляет ориентировочно 620-640 килограммов. (Выводы) Разработали и создали модульную систему цифровизации бонитировочных работ. Выявили, что погрешность модуля взвешивания при испытании с вариантами эталонной массы 655 и 1200 килограммов была менее 1 процента