Chemically Related 4,5-Linked Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Drive Subunit Rotation in Opposite Directions

Dynamic remodelling of intersubunit bridge B2, a conserved RNA domain of the bacterial ribosome connecting helices 44 (h44) and 69 (H69) of the small and large subunit, respectively, impacts translation by controlling intersubunit rotation. Here we show that aminoglycosides chemically related to neomycin-paromomycin, ribostamycin and neamine-each bind to sites within h44 and H69 to perturb bridge B2 and affect subunit rotation. Neomycin and paromomycin, which only differ by their ring-I 6\u27-polar group, drive subunit rotation in opposite directions. This suggests that their distinct actions hinge on the 6\u27-substituent and the drug\u27s net positive charge. By solving the crystal structure of the paromomycin-ribosome complex, we observe specific contacts between the apical tip of H69 and the 6\u27-hydroxyl on paromomycin from within the drug\u27s canonical h44-binding site. These results indicate that aminoglycoside actions must be framed in the context of bridge B2 and their regulation of subunit rotation

Pengaruh Harga Terhadap Peningkatan Penjualan Produk Semen Tiga Roda Pada PT. Robcaga Beo Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud

The development in business world these days is market by the competition between the business company is getting fierce. Especially in managing the company business unit. It is shown by the appearance of a company that offer a good quality product with a compete price on the market. To handle the fierce competition on the market then one from so many effort that the company do is by apply the strategic price. Which on the way of applying that strategi the company try to set a price that can be compete in the market so the increase sale of the product become maximum. With right price and controlled will result the domino effect to a company to build long term relationship with costumer so it can increase the sales volume. This research is a descriptive quantitative research by using the correlation approach and simple regression. To see relation between variable and to measure the impact to the variable itself. So the purpose of this research is to know how far the price effect and to the increase of PT. ROBCAGA in Talaud. According to the sesult of the research, can be shown as following: price has a correlation and significant determination effort to the increase sale of PT. ROBCAGA Talaud. According to the data analysis, coefficient value moment r = 0,685. That show there is a positive relation, and can be categorize as high and strong, also price coefficient determination to the increase sale is by 46,5% and 53,5% by the rest of it depends on the unknown factors that not been analyze in this research

Metal-binding sites in the major groove of a large ribozyme domain

AbstractBackground Group I self-splicing introns catalyze sequential transesterification reactions within an RNA transcript to produce the correctly spliced product. Often several hundred nucleotides in size, these ribozymes fold into specific three-dimensional structures that confer activity. The 2.8 å crystal structure of a central component of the Tetrahymena thermophila group I intron, the 160-nucleotide P4–P6 domain, provides the first detailed view of metal binding in an RNA large enough to exhibit side-by-side helical packing. The long-range contacts and bound ligands that stabilize this fold can now be examined in detail.Results Heavy-atom derivatives used for the structure determination reveal characteristics of some of the metal-binding sites in the P4–P6 domain. Although long-range RNA–RNA contacts within the molecule primarily involve the minor groove, osmium hexammine binds at three locations in the major groove. All three sites involve G and U nucleotides exclusively; two are formed by G.U wobble base pairs. In the native RNA, two of the sites are occupied by fully-hydrated magnesium ions. Samarium binds specifically to the RNA by displacing a magnesium ion in a region critical to the folding of the entire domain.Conclusions Bound at specific sites in the P4–P6 domain RNA, osmium (III) hexammine produced the high-quality heavy-atom derivative used for structure determination. These sites can be engineered into other RNAs, providing a rational means of obtaining heavy-atom derivatives with hexammine compounds. The features of the observed metal-binding sites expand the known repertoire of ligand-binding motifs in RNA, and suggest that some of the conserved tandem G.U base pairs in ribosomal RNAs are magnesium-binding sites

Programmable RNA recognition using a CRISPR-associated Argonaute

Argonaute proteins (Agos) are present in all domains of life. Although the physiological function of eukaryotic Agos in regulating gene expression is well documented, the biological roles of many of their prokaryotic counterparts remain enigmatic. In some bacteria, Agos are associated with CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loci and use noncanonical 5'-hydroxylated guide RNAs (gRNAs) for nucleic acid targeting. Here we show that using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as the 5' nucleotide of gRNAs stabilizes in vitro reconstituted CRISPR-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argonaute-gRNA complexes (MpAgo RNPs) and significantly improves their specificity and affinity for RNA targets. Using reconstituted MpAgo RNPs with 5'-BrdU-modified gRNAs, we mapped the seed region of the gRNA and identified the nucleotides of the gRNA that play the most significant role in targeting specificity. We also show that these MpAgo RNPs can be programmed to distinguish between substrates that differ by a single nucleotide, using permutations at the sixth and seventh positions in the gRNA. Using these specificity features, we employed MpAgo RNPs to detect specific adenosine-to-inosine-edited RNAs in a complex mixture. These findings broaden our mechanistic understanding of the interactions of Argonautes with guide and substrate RNAs, and demonstrate that MpAgo RNPs with 5'-BrdU-modified gRNAs can be used as a highly specific RNA-targeting platform to probe RNA biology

Identification and validation of PF-06446846–sensitive nascent chains.

<p>(A) Outline of the approach to identify PF-06446846–targeted mRNAs. (B) Example readplot and (C) example cumulative fractional read (CFR) plot for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). A CFR plot depicts at each codon the percentage of reads aligning at or 5ʹ to that codon. In all plots, data from 1.5 μM PF-06446846 treatments are shown in red and vehicle treatments are shown in blue. The major stall and the position of D_max is marked. (D) Scatterplot showing the distribution of D_max values as a function of read counts; red indicates D_max Z-score > 3 (see <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#sec007" target="_blank">Materials and methods</a> for Z-score calculations) and green indicates 2 < Z-score < 3. (E) Scatterplot of fold change versus expression level when reads mapping 3ʹ to D_max position (for Z-score > 2) or codon 50 (for Z-score < 2) are used. Genes for which D_max Z-score > 2 and DeSeq fasle discovery rate (FDR) < 10% are highlighted in red, in green for Dmax Z-score > 2 but FDR > 10%, and in purple for D_max Z-score < 2 with FDR < 10%. (F–I) Example readplots for PF-06446846–sensitive proteins (F) HSD17B11, (G) RPL27, (H) PCBP1, and (I) cadherin-1 (CDH1). Bars representing the treatment dataset are red and go upwards and bars representing the vehicle datasets are blue and go downwards. All graphs are derived from the 1-h treatment time in the first study. (J) Cell-free translation assays showing inhibition of translation by 50 μM PF-06446846 when the stall sites identified by ribosome profiling are fused to the N-terminus of luciferase. (K) Inhibition of in vitro translation of full-length Midikine- and BCAP31-luciferase fusions in the cell-free translation system. (L) In vitro translation of control constructs not predicted to be inhibited by PF-06446846 from cell-based experiments. (M) In vitro translation of constructs with PF-06446846–induced stalls identified only at the 10-min treatment time. The individual quantitative observations that underlie Fig 5J–M are in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#pbio.2001882.s029" target="_blank">S14 Table</a>.</p

Oral administration of PF-06446846 reduces plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and total cholesterol levels in rats.

<p>(A–B) Plasma PCSK9 levels following (A) a single and (B) 12 daily oral doses of PF-06446848. Rats were administered the indicated dose of PF-06446846, and plasma concentrations of PCSK9 were measured by commercial ELISA at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after dosing (A) or the 12th daily dose (B). Symbols represent mean concentration ± standard error and were jittered to provide a clearer graphical representation. Data were analyzed using a mixed model repeated measure (MMRM) with treatment, day, and hour as fixed factors; treatment by day and hour as an interaction term; and animal as a random factor. The significance level was set at a level of 5%. No adjustment for multiple comparisons was used. *<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05, **<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01, ***<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001. (C–E) Total plasma (C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (D), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (E) cholesterol levels in rats measured 24 h following 14 daily oral doses of PF-06446846. Symbols represent individual animal values. The middle horizontal bar represents the group mean ± standard deviation. Difference between group means relative to vehicle was performed by a one-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test; * <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05, **** <i>p</i> ≤ 0.0001. The individual quantitative observations that underlie Fig 2 are in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#pbio.2001882.s029" target="_blank">S14 Table</a>.</p

PF-06446846 targets the human ribosome, inducing stalling during proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) translation.

<p>(A) Structure of PF-06446846. (B) Luciferase activity of HeLa-based cell-free translation reactions programmed with mRNAs encoding PCSK9-luciferase, PCSK9(1–35)-luciferase, and PCSK9(1–33)-luciferase fusions and luciferase alone in the absence (black bars) or presence (grey bars) of 50 μM PF-06446846. All error bars represent one standard deviation of three replicates. (C) PF-06446846 sensitivity dependence on the amino acid sequence of PCSK9(1–33). PCSK9-luciferase fusions encode the native PCSK9 amino acid sequence with common codons or rare codons or a native, double-frameshifted mRNA sequence that results in a changed amino acid sequence (See <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#pbio.2001882.s001" target="_blank">S1E Fig</a> for sequences). All error bars represent one standard deviation of three replicates. (D) ³H-PF-06446846 binding to purified human ribosomes, K_d: 7.0 μM (95% CI: 5.5–8.4) B_max: 28.7 pmol/mg (95% CI: 26.5–30.8). The symbols within the graph represent the individual measurements obtained from three independent experiments. B_max and K_d values were calculated using GraphPad PRISM, in which the complete (<i>n</i> = 3) dataset was fit to the one site-specific binding equation. (E–F) Electrophoreograms of toeprints of stalled ribosomes on the (E) PCSK9(1–35)-luciferase fusion construct and (F) full-length PCSK9-luciferase fusion. The nucleotide (nt) positions from the “A” of the ATG initiation codon of the first and last of the group of toeprinting peaks are indicated. The expected position of the P-site of the stalled ribosome from ribosome profiling is also indicated. (G) Schematic of ribosomal toeprinting assays. 5ʹ 6-FAM labeled primers are extended by reverse transcriptase, which terminates when blocked by a ribosome. In this case, we also hypothesize that additional factors may be bound to the stalled ribosome, obstructing the reverse transcriptase at more 3ʹ positions and over a broader range of positions then what is normally observed [<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#pbio.2001882.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>]. (H) Sucrose density gradient profiles of cell-free translation reactions programmed with an mRNA encoding an N-terminally extended PCSK9 in the presence of 100 μM PF-06446846 (grey) and vehicle (blue). (I) Tris-Tricine SDS-PAGE gels showing ³⁵S-Met-labelled peptides that sediment in the polysome region of the gradient. (J) Model of the species isolated by density gradient centrifugation containing one stalled ribosome and two queued ribosomes. The individual quantitative observations that underlie Fig 1B–D are in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#pbio.2001882.s029" target="_blank">S14 Table</a>.</p

The PF-06446846–induced stall site is revealed by ribosome profiling.

<p>(A–D) Ribosome footprint density plots displaying the number of reads aligning to a given codon per million total reads for the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) coding region from Huh7 cells treated for (A) 1 h and (B) 10 min. (C) Ribo-seq datasets from the second study and (D) mRNA-seq datasets from the second study. The upward red bars indicate readmaps from cells treated with 1.5 μM PF-06446846 and the blue downward bars represent vehicle. In panels A–D, read positions are mapped according to inferred location of the ribosome P-site [<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#pbio.2001882.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>]. (E) The footprint density downstream from the stall in the 10-min treatment (black) and 1-h treatment (light grey) compared with PCSK9 expression as measured by ELISA (middle grey). Error bars represent one standard deviation of three replicates. The individual quantitative observations that underlie Fig 4E are in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001882#pbio.2001882.s029" target="_blank">S14 Table</a>.</p