32 research outputs found
Florida, Iowa, and the National Balance of Power, 1845
To Floridians, the admission of their state to the Union is an event in which interest arises as a matter of course from local and state pride and from general historical awareness of the times and circumstances. To Iowans, the event is of similar interest because of the pairing of the two states in the same act of admission. To the historically minded in general, the occasion provides a convenient focus for reconsidering some of the chief crosscurrents of national politics in the 1840\u27s
The Civil War Letters of August Henry Mathers
The writer of the letters which follow was born in Monticello, Florida, on April 25, 1825, the son of William Henry Mathers, Jr., and Elizabeth Clarke Mathers. The details of his early education are not known. He was married on October 28, 1848, to Mary Ann Cooper, daughter of Dr. James A. Cooper, originally of Farmington, Georgia, and Elizabeth White Cooper. The young couple lived a while in Madison, Florida, before removing to Micanopy where Mathers, together with his father-m-law, opened a drug store in 1853, known in later years as the “Old Reliable Micanopy Drug Store.
Florida and Iowa: A Contemporary View
Within the span of one generation after the admission of Florida and Iowa to the Union, the citizens of the two states confronted each other in the awful strife of the Civil War. Portents of this bitter separation had been discernable in the birthing of the states, but who could have said with assurance that these two frontier communities, having so many more roots and inheritances in common than they had fatal divergencies, would shortly stand drawn in battle array against each other? Regardless of their common institutional origins, the two communities came to subordinate themselves to, and form a part of, the emerging realities of North and South, and played the roles between 1861 and 1865 which larger events thrust upon them
Depth, Highness and DNR Degrees
A sequence is Bennett deep [5] if every recursive approximation of the
Kolmogorov complexity of its initial segments from above satisfies that the difference
between the approximation and the actual value of the Kolmogorov complexity of
the initial segments dominates every constant function. We study for different lower
bounds r of this difference between approximation and actual value of the initial segment
complexity, which properties the corresponding r(n)-deep sets have. We prove
that for r(n) = εn, depth coincides with highness on the Turing degrees. For smaller
choices of r, i.e., r is any recursive order function, we show that depth implies either
highness or diagonally-non-recursiveness (DNR). In particular, for left-r.e. sets, order
depth already implies highness. As a corollary, we obtain that weakly-useful sets are
either high or DNR. We prove that not all deep sets are high by constructing a low
order-deep set.
Bennett's depth is defined using prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity. We show that
if one replaces prefix-free by plain Kolmogorov complexity in Bennett's depth definition,
one obtains a notion which no longer satisfies the slow growth law (which
stipulates that no shallow set truth-table computes a deep set); however, under this
notion, random sets are not deep (at the unbounded recursive order magnitude). We
improve Bennett's result that recursive sets are shallow by proving all K-trivial sets
are shallow; our result is close to optimal.
For Bennett's depth, the magnitude of compression improvement has to be achieved
almost everywhere on the set. Bennett observed that relaxing to infinitely often is
meaningless because every recursive set is infinitely often deep. We propose an alternative
infinitely often depth notion that doesn't suffer this limitation (called i.o.
depth).We show that every hyperimmune degree contains a i.o. deep set of magnitude
εn, and construct a π01- class where every member is an i.o. deep set of magnitude
εn. We prove that every non-recursive, non-DNR hyperimmune-free set is i.o. deep
of constant magnitude, and that every nonrecursive many-one degree contains such
a set
Water in low-mass star-forming regions with Herschel: HIFI spectroscopy of NGC1333
'Water In Star-forming regions with Herschel' (WISH) is a key programme
dedicated to studying the role of water and related species during the
star-formation process and constraining the physical and chemical properties of
young stellar objects. The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) on
the Herschel Space Observatory observed three deeply embedded protostars in the
low-mass star-forming region NGC1333 in several H2-16O, H2-18O, and CO
transitions. Line profiles are resolved for five H16O transitions in each
source, revealing them to be surprisingly complex. The line profiles are
decomposed into broad (>20 km/s), medium-broad (~5-10 km/s), and narrow (<5
km/s) components. The H2-18O emission is only detected in broad 1_10-1_01 lines
(>20 km/s), indicating that its physical origin is the same as for the broad
H2-16O component. In one of the sources, IRAS4A, an inverse P Cygni profile is
observed, a clear sign of infall in the envelope. From the line profiles alone,
it is clear that the bulk of emission arises from shocks, both on small (<1000
AU) and large scales along the outflow cavity walls (~10 000 AU). The H2O line
profiles are compared to CO line profiles to constrain the H2O abundance as a
function of velocity within these shocked regions. The H2O/CO abundance ratios
are measured to be in the range of ~0.1-1, corresponding to H2O abundances of
~10-5-10-4 with respect to H2. Approximately 5-10% of the gas is hot enough for
all oxygen to be driven into water in warm post-shock gas, mostly at high
velocities.Comment: Accepted for publication in the A&A HIFI special issu
Absence of Colony Stimulation Factor-1 Receptor Results in Loss of Microglia, Disrupted Brain Development and Olfactory Deficits
The brain contains numerous mononuclear phagocytes called microglia. These cells express the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for the macrophage growth factor colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1R). Using a CSF-1R-GFP reporter mouse strain combined with lineage defining antibody staining we show in the postnatal mouse brain that CSF-1R is expressed only in microglia and not neurons, astrocytes or glial cells. To study CSF-1R function we used mice homozygous for a null mutation in the Csflr gene. In these mice microglia are >99% depleted at embryonic day 16 and day 1 post-partum brain. At three weeks of age this microglial depletion continues in most regions of the brain although some contain clusters of rounded microglia. Despite the loss of microglia, embryonic brain development appears normal but during the post-natal period the brain architecture becomes perturbed with enlarged ventricles and regionally compressed parenchyma, phenotypes most prominent in the olfactory bulb and cortex. In the cortex there is increased neuronal density, elevated numbers of astrocytes but reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes. Csf1r nulls rarely survive to adulthood and therefore to study the role of CSF-1R in olfaction we used the viable null mutants in the Csf1 (Csf1op) gene that encodes one of the two known CSF-1R ligands. Food-finding experiments indicate that olfactory capacity is significantly impaired in the absence of CSF-1. CSF-1R is therefore required for the development of microglia, for a fully functional olfactory system and the maintenance of normal brain structure