21 research outputs found
A fiber-coupled laser hygrometer for airborne total water measurement
The second-generation University of Colorado closed-path tunable-diode laser
hygrometer (CLH-2) is an instrument for the airborne in situ measurement of
total water content – the sum of vapor-, liquid- and ice-phase water – in
clouds. This compact instrument has been flown on the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V
aircraft in an underwing canister. It operates autonomously and uses
fiber-coupled optics to eliminate the need for a supply of dry compressed
gas. In operation, sample air is ingested into a forward-facing
sub-isokinetic inlet; this sampling configuration results in particle
concentrations that are enhanced relative to ambient and causes greater
instrument sensitivity to condensed water particles. Heaters within the inlet
vaporize the ingested water particles, and the resulting augmented water
vapor mixing ratio is measured by absorption of near-infrared light in a
single-pass optical cell. The condensed water content is then determined by
subtracting the ambient water vapor content from the total and by accounting
for the inertial enhancement of particles into the sampling inlet. The CLH-2
is calibrated in the laboratory over a range of pressures and water vapor
mixing ratios; the uncertainty in CLH-2 condensed water retrievals is
estimated to be 14.3% to 16.1% (1-σ). A vapor-only laboratory
intercomparison with the first-generation University of Colorado closed-path
tunable-diode laser hygrometer (CLH) shows agreement within the 2-σ
uncertainty bounds of both instruments
Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment
Background High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four
cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010.
Methods We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of populationbased health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the eff ects of risk factors on cause-specifi c mortality from metaanalyses
of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for- each risk factor alone,
and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the eff ects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specifi c population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specifi c deaths. We obtained cause-specifi c mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the fi nal estimates.
Findings In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After
accounting for multicausality, 63% (10\ub78 million deaths, 95% CI 10\ub71\u201311\ub75) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined eff ect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7\ub71 million deaths,
6\ub76\u20137\ub76) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country
level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined eff ects of these four risk factors
surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France,
Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain.
Interpretation The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of
the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing eff ect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden
of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering
cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the globalresponse to non-communicable diseases
Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment
Background: High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods: We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of population-based health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the effects of risk factors on cause-specific mortality from meta-analyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the effects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specific population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specific deaths. We obtained cause-specific mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the final estimates. Findings: In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10·8 million deaths, 95% CI 10·1-11·5) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined effect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7·1 million deaths, 6·6-7·6) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined effects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation: The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing effect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the global response to non-communicable diseases. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd
Cellule mucipare e cellule endocrine dell'epitelio dela colecisti in pazienti con colelitiasi non complicata
Il Medico Competente e la ricerca attiva, diagnosi e denuncia delle malattie professionali.
Interdisciplinary treatment of a female outpatient population.Organizational model and preliminary results
Qualificazione, ruolo e funzioni del medico competente oggi, alla luce delle nuove esigenze della salute.
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