Leaders attachment orientations and subordinates job satisfaction

Η παρούσα πτυχιακή εργασία αναφέρεται στην επίδραση του δεσμού και της συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης στην στάση, συμπεριφορά και τα συναισθήματα των εργαζομένων στον χώρο εργασίας τους. Αρχικά, εξετάστηκε ο ανασφαλής δεσμός των διευθυντών-ηγετών και εκπαιδευτικών σχολικών μονάδων σε σχέση με την επαγγελματική τους ικανοποίηση, τα συναισθήματά στην εργασία τους, την αντίληψη για τη συνοχή της ομάδας, την επαγγελματική εξουθένωση και το άγχος τους. Παράλληλα, η έρευνα εξέτασε υποθέσεις που υποστηρίζουν τη σημαντικότητα της συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης στον εργασιακό χώρο. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δόθηκε στην ηγεσία, και πιο συγκεκριμένα μελετήθηκε η επίδραση του ανασφαλή δεσμού και της συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης των ηγετών στην εργασιακή εμπειρία των υφισταμένων τους. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 22 διευθυντές και 66 εκπαιδευτικοί σχολικών μονάδων του νομού Ρεθύμνης. Σε αντίθεση με τις προσδοκίες, από την πολυεπίπεδη ανάλυση δεν προέκυψε στατιστικά σημαντική αρνητική συσχέτιση του ανασφαλή δεσμού των ηγετών με την επαγγελματική ικανοποίηση των υφισταμένων. Επιπρόσθετα, μόνο ο δεσμός εμμονής των ηγετών σχετίστηκε σε στατιστικά σημαντικό βαθμό με την επαγγελματική εξουθένωση και το άγχος των υφισταμένων τους και μόνο ο δεσμός αποφυγής με τα αρνητικά συναισθήματα των υφισταμένων. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της μονοεπίπεδης ανάλυσης, ο δεσμός εμμονής τόσο των διευθυντών όσο και των εκπαιδευτικών σχετίστηκε θετικά με το άγχος τους. Τέλος, στη έρευνα αυτή δεν βρέθηκε στατιστικά σημαντική συσχέτιση της συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης με την εργασιακή εμπειρία, όπως αναμενόταν

JC polyomavirus infection is strongly controlled by human leucocyte antigen class II variants

JC polyomavirus (JCV) carriers with a compromised immune system, such as in HIV, or subjects on immune-modulating therapies, such as anti VLA-4 therapy may develop progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) which is a lytic infection of oligodendrocytes in the brain. Serum antibodies to JCV mark infection occur only in 50-60% of infected individuals, and high JCV-antibody titers seem to increase the risk of developing PML. We here investigated the role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), instrumental in immune defense in JCV antibody response. Anti-JCV antibody status, as a surrogate for JCV infection, were compared to HLA class I and II alleles in 1621 Scandinavian persons with MS and 1064 population-based Swedish controls and associations were replicated in 718 German persons with MS. HLA-alleles were determined by SNP imputation, sequence specific (SSP) kits and a reverse PCR sequence-specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) method. An initial GWAS screen displayed a strong HLA class II region signal. The HLA-DRB1*15 haplotype was strongly negatively associated to JCV sero-status in Scandinavian MS cases (OR = 0.42, p = 7×10(-15)) and controls (OR = 0.53, p = 2×10(-5)). In contrast, the DQB1*06:03 haplotype was positively associated with JCV sero-status, in Scandinavian MS cases (OR = 1.63, p = 0.006), and controls (OR = 2.69, p = 1×10(-5)). The German dataset confirmed these findings (OR = 0.54, p = 1×10(-4) and OR = 1.58, p = 0.03 respectively for these haplotypes). HLA class II restricted immune responses, and hence CD4+ T cell immunity is pivotal for JCV infection control. Alleles within the HLA-DR1*15 haplotype are associated with a protective effect on JCV infection. Alleles within the DQB1*06:03 haplotype show an opposite association. These associations between JC virus antibody response and human leucocyte antigens supports the notion that CD4+ T cells are crucial in the immune defence to JCV and lays the ground for risk stratification for PML and development of therapy and prevention

<i>HLA</i>-association to transformed JCV nOD levels in Scandinavian cohort.

<p>Results from the linear regression analysis of the association between HLA-alleles and JCV nOD levels. Only alleles that are nominally significant (p<0.05) alleles in any cohort in this or <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat-1004084-t005" target="_blank">table 5</a> are presented. P-values that reach nominal significance, 0.05 are marked in bold. The median nOD levels are given among individuals positive or negative for respective <i>HLA</i> allele. In the crude analysis each allele was analysed on its own, adjusted for gender and age. Age at sampling was divided into four categories, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50 and older, with group 40–49 as the reference. The analysis was performed in R version 2.15.1 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-R1" target="_blank">[50]</a>. *Multivariate: all nominally significant alleles from the same gene in the same model, adjusted for age and gender. † Median nOD is given among individuals positive or negative for respective <i>HLA</i> allele.</p><p>Common extended HLA haplotypes were selected from those published in the literature for the Caucasian population <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-Askar1" target="_blank">[19]</a>–<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-Alper1" target="_blank">[21]</a>. Alternative common <i>DRB1*15</i> haplotypes <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DRB1*15-B*07-C*07-A*02</i>, <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DRB1*15-B*07-C*07-A*03</i>, <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DRB1*15-B*51-C*?-A*02</i>, <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DRB1*15-B*51-C*?-A*11</i>. The <i>DQB1*03:01-DQA1*05-DRB1*11-B*51-A*02</i> haplotype exist with many different C alleles, <i>C*05</i> not being the most common one.</p

Analysis of association between <i>HLA</i> genotypes and anti-JCV antibody status in joint analysis of Swedish controls, Scandinavian and German MS patients.

<p><b>A</b> Odds ratio (OR) for <i>DRB1</i> alleles and genotypes from logistic regression analyses performed in R version 2.15.1 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-R1" target="_blank">[50]</a>. The analyses were adjusted for gender, cohort (Swedish controls, Scandinavian MS patients or German MS patients) and age at sampling. Age at sampling was divided into four categories, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50 and older, with group 40–49 as the reference. Error bars represents 95% confidence intervals. OR below 1 are plotted as −1/OR. Grey indicates associations with p<0.05, white p>0.05. <b>B</b> Odds ratio (OR) for <i>DRB1</i> alleles and genotypes from logistic regression analyses performed in R version 2.15.1 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-R1" target="_blank">[50]</a>. The analyses were adjusted for gender, cohort (Swedish controls, Scandinavian MS patients or German MS patients) and age at sampling. Age at sampling was divided into four categories, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50 and older, with group 40–49 as the reference. Error bars represents 95% confidence intervals. OR below 1 are plotted as −1/OR. Grey indicates associations with p<0.05, white p>0.05. <i>DQA1*01:03</i> homozygotes are not included as this combination was so rare (0.4%).</p

Association between JCA antibody response and markers in the Human Leuococyte region on chromosome 6.

<p><b>A</b> Plot of the <i>HLA</i> region from the meta-analysis (random effects model) of the association between GWAS markers and JCV serostatus in the Scandinavian (n = 634) and German (n = 718) MS cases and the Swedish controls (n = 465) on chromosome 6. The horizontal line represent a p-values of and 1×10⁻⁸. All analyses were adjusted for gender, age at sampling, and principal components. The most significant SNP is rs34454237 (p<4×10⁻¹⁴) which maps 42.6 kb from the <i>HLA-DRB1</i> gene towards the HLA class I genes. <b>B</b> Plot of the <i>HLA</i> region from the meta-analysis (random effects model) of the association between GWAS markers and transformed anti-JCV nOD levels in the anti-JCV antibody positive Scandinavian (n = 374) and German (n = 294) MS cases and the Swedish controls (n = 406). The horizontal lines represent a p-value of and 1×10⁻⁸. All analyses adjusted for gender, age at sampling, and principal components. The locations of the <i>HLA-A</i>, <i>-C</i>, <i>-B</i>, <i>-DRB1</i>, <i>-DQA1</i> and -<i>DRB1</i> loci are noted using genome build 36. The most significant SNP is rs3129860 (p<1×10⁻⁷) which maps 145.7 kb from the <i>HLA-DRB1</i> gene in the direction of the <i>HLA</i> class I genes.</p

<i>HLA</i>-associations to anti-JCV antibody status in Scandinavian cohort.

<p>Results from the association analysis between <i>HLA</i>-alleles and JCV seropositivity in the Scandinavian MS cases and the Swedish controls. The frequencies in the second column are the frequencies of <i>HLA</i> alleles among JCV Ab seropositive and seronegative respectively. In the crude analysis each allele was analysed on its own, adjusted for gender and age. The analysis was performed in in R version 2.15.1 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-R1" target="_blank">[50]</a>. The analysis was adjusted for age at sampling and gender. Age at sampling was divided into four categories, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50 and older, with group 40–49 as the reference. *Multivariate: all nominally significant alleles from the same gene in the same model, adjusted for age and gender.</p><p>Common extended <i>HLA</i> haplotypes were selected from those published in the literature for the Caucasian population <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-Askar1" target="_blank">[19]</a>–<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004084#ppat.1004084-Alper1" target="_blank">[21]</a>. Alternative common DRB1*15 haplotypes <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DRB1*15-B*07-C*07-A*02</i>, <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DRB1*15-B*07-C*07-A*03</i>, <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*15-B*51-C*?-A*02</i>, <i>DQB1*06:02-DQA1*01:02-DRB1*15-B*51-C*?-A*11</i>. The <i>DQB1*03:01-DQA1*05-DRB1*11-B*51-A*02</i> haplotype exist with many different C alleles, <i>C*05</i> not being the most common one.</p

Demographic information.

<p>Demographic information on 1621 Scandinavian MS cases, 1064 Swedish controls and 718 German MS cases with anti-JCV antibody status, anti-JCV nOD antibody levels and HLA-genotypes (from either <i>HLA-A</i>, <i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, <i>DRB1</i>, <i>DQB1</i>, or <i>DQA1</i>). *Since all individuals were GWAS genotyped, they had genotype information for all <i>HLA</i>-loci, the numbers shown are the number that passed the quality score ≥0.70 for both alleles for imputed <i>HLA</i> genotypes.</p