Struktura organów spółdzielni w świetle przepisów ustawy z dnia 29 października 1920 r. o spółdzielniach na przykładzie Spółdzielni Spożywczej Pracowników Państwowych i Komunalnych w Końskich

Ruch spółdzielczy na ziemiach polskich zaczął się kształtować w XIX w. Zasady jego funkcjonowania regulowało prawo zaborcze, co spowodowało niejednolity rozwój tego rodzaju podmiotów. Po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości generowało to liczne problemy i stało się powodem wzmożonych prac legislacyjnych. Do ujednolicenia przepisów prawa doszło 29 X 1920 r. w związku z uchwaleniem przez Sejm ustawy o spółdzielniach. Jednym ze zrzeszeń, które musiało dostosować swoją działalność do nowo wprowadzonych zasad była Spółdzielnia Spożywcza Pracowników Państwowych i Komunalnych w Końskich. Jej członkowie dostosowali organizację i działalność zrzeszenia do postanowień ustawy o spółdzielniach mocą decyzji walnego zgromadzenia z 27 listopada 1921 r. Uchwalony wówczas statut zawierał postanowienia zgodne z zasadami wyrażonymi w ustawie odnoszące się do struktury organów (zarządu, rady nadzorczej oraz walnego zgromadzenia), ich składu, sposobu powoływania członków oraz funkcjonowania, a w pewnych aspektach je doprecyzowywał, jak na przykład w zakresie sporządzania sprawozdania z czynności spółdzielni za poprzedni rok obrotowy.The cooperative movement in Poland began to take shape in the 19th century. The principles of its operation were governed by the laws of the three partitioning powers, which resulted in the dissimilar development of cooperative entities. After regaining of independence by Poland, such a status quo resulted in numerous problems and became the reason for intensified legislative work. The provisions of law were unified on 29th October 1920 when the Lower House of the Polish Parliament (Sejm) passed the Act on cooperatives. One of the cooperatives that had to adjust their activity to the newly introduced principles was the Cooperative of the Workers of State and Municipal Food Industry (Spółdzielnia Spożywcza Pracowników Państwowych i Komunalnych) in Końskie. Its members adjusted the organisation and activity of their cooperative to the provisions of the Act on cooperatives on the power of the annual general meeting held on 27th November 1921. The statute approved on that date contained provisions harmonised with the principles expressed in the Act and referring to the structure of the organs (managing board, supervisory board, and general meeting), their composition, the manner of appointing members and their operation, moreover fine-tuning them in certain areas, e.g. the drafting of the report from the cooperative’s operation in the previous budget year.Die Entwicklung der Genossenschaftsbewegung begann auf den polnischen Gebieten bereits im 19. Jahrhundert. Ihre Regeln wurden von den Gesetzen der Teilungsmächte bestimmt, was zu einer inkohärenten Entwicklung von Institutionen dieser Art führte. Dies brachte nach der Wiederherstellung der Staatlichkeit Polens etliche Probleme mit sich und wurde deshalb zum Feld intensiver legislatorischer Arbeit. Die Vereinheitlichung der Rechtsvorschriften brachte letztendlich das vom Sejm verabschiedete Gesetz über die Genossenschaften vom 29.10.1920 mit sich. Eins der Verbände, das seine Tätigkeit den neuen Regeln anpassen musste, war die Lebensmittelgenossenschaft der Staatlichen und Kommunalen Arbeiter in Końskie. Ihre Mitglieder änderten die Struktur und den Tätigkeitsumfang der Genossenschaft nach den Bestimmungen des Gesetzes mit dem Beschluss der Generalversammlung vom 27. November 1921. Die damals beschlossene Satzung beinhaltete die dem Gesetz entsprechenden Bestimmungen zur Struktur der Genossenschaftsorgane (des Vorstandes, des Aufsichtsrates und der Generalversammlung), über deren Zusammensetzung, deren Berufung und Funktionsweise, und auf manchen Feldern formulierte die Bestimmungen klarer, wie zum Beispiel bezüglich der Erstellung des Tätigkeitsberichtes für das vergangene Umsatzjahr

Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Evidence regarding corticosteroid use for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. Objective: To determine whether hydrocortisone improves outcome for patients with severe COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: An ongoing adaptive platform trial testing multiple interventions within multiple therapeutic domains, for example, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, or immunoglobulin. Between March 9 and June 17, 2020, 614 adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled and randomized within at least 1 domain following admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory or cardiovascular organ support at 121 sites in 8 countries. Of these, 403 were randomized to open-label interventions within the corticosteroid domain. The domain was halted after results from another trial were released. Follow-up ended August 12, 2020. Interventions: The corticosteroid domain randomized participants to a fixed 7-day course of intravenous hydrocortisone (50 mg or 100 mg every 6 hours) (n = 143), a shock-dependent course (50 mg every 6 hours when shock was clinically evident) (n = 152), or no hydrocortisone (n = 108). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of ICU-based respiratory or cardiovascular support) within 21 days, where patients who died were assigned -1 day. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model that included all patients enrolled with severe COVID-19, adjusting for age, sex, site, region, time, assignment to interventions within other domains, and domain and intervention eligibility. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Results: After excluding 19 participants who withdrew consent, there were 384 patients (mean age, 60 years; 29% female) randomized to the fixed-dose (n = 137), shock-dependent (n = 146), and no (n = 101) hydrocortisone groups; 379 (99%) completed the study and were included in the analysis. The mean age for the 3 groups ranged between 59.5 and 60.4 years; most patients were male (range, 70.6%-71.5%); mean body mass index ranged between 29.7 and 30.9; and patients receiving mechanical ventilation ranged between 50.0% and 63.5%. For the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively, the median organ support-free days were 0 (IQR, -1 to 15), 0 (IQR, -1 to 13), and 0 (-1 to 11) days (composed of 30%, 26%, and 33% mortality rates and 11.5, 9.5, and 6 median organ support-free days among survivors). The median adjusted odds ratio and bayesian probability of superiority were 1.43 (95% credible interval, 0.91-2.27) and 93% for fixed-dose hydrocortisone, respectively, and were 1.22 (95% credible interval, 0.76-1.94) and 80% for shock-dependent hydrocortisone compared with no hydrocortisone. Serious adverse events were reported in 4 (3%), 5 (3%), and 1 (1%) patients in the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with severe COVID-19, treatment with a 7-day fixed-dose course of hydrocortisone or shock-dependent dosing of hydrocortisone, compared with no hydrocortisone, resulted in 93% and 80% probabilities of superiority with regard to the odds of improvement in organ support-free days within 21 days. However, the trial was stopped early and no treatment strategy met prespecified criteria for statistical superiority, precluding definitive conclusions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Struktur der Genossenschaftsorgane nach dem Gesetz vom 29.Oktober 1920 über die Genossenschaften am Beispiel der Lebensmittelgenossenschaft der Staatlichen und Kommunalen Arbeiter in Końskie

The cooperative movement in Poland began to take shape in the 19th century. The principles of its operation were governed by the laws of the three partitioning powers, which resulted in the dissimilar development of cooperative entities. After regaining of independence by Poland, such a status quo resulted in numerous problems and became the reason for intensified legislative work. The provisions of law were unified on 29th October 1920 when the Lower House of the Polish Parliament (Sejm) passed the Act on cooperatives. One of the cooperatives that had to adjust their activity to the newly introduced principles was the Cooperative of the Workers of State and Municipal Food Industry (Spółdzielnia Spożywcza Pracowników Państwowych i Komunalnych) in Końskie. Its members adjusted the organisation and activity of their cooperative to the provisions of the Act on cooperatives on the power of the annual general meeting held on 27th November 1921. The statute approved on that date contained provisions harmonised with the principles expressed in the Act and referring to the structure of the organs (managing board, supervisory board, and general meeting), their composition, the manner of appointing members and their operation, moreover fine-tuning them in certain areas, e.g. the drafting of the report from the cooperative’s operation in the previous budget year.Ruch spółdzielczy na ziemiach polskich zaczął się kształtować w XIX w. Zasady jego funkcjonowania regulowało prawo zaborcze, co spowodowało niejednolity rozwój tego rodzaju podmiotów. Po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości generowało to liczne problemy i stało się powodem wzmożonych prac legislacyjnych. Do ujednolicenia przepisów prawa doszło 29 X 1920 r. w związku z uchwaleniem przez Sejm ustawy o spółdzielniach. Jednym ze zrzeszeń, które musiało dostosować swoją działalność do nowo wprowadzonych zasad była Spółdzielnia Spożywcza Pracowników Państwowych i Komunalnych w Końskich. Jej członkowie dostosowali organizację i działalność zrzeszenia do postanowień ustawy o spółdzielniach mocą decyzji walnego zgromadzenia z 27 listopada 1921 r. Uchwalony wówczas statut zawierał postanowienia zgodne z zasadami wyrażonymi w ustawie odnoszące się do struktury organów (zarządu, rady nadzorczej oraz walnego zgromadzenia), ich składu, sposobu powoływania członków oraz funkcjonowania, a w pewnych aspektach je doprecyzowywał, jak na przykład w zakresie sporządzania sprawozdania z czynności spółdzielni za poprzedni rok obrotowy.Die Entwicklung der Genossenschaftsbewegung begann auf den polnischen Gebieten bereits im 19. Jahrhundert. Ihre Regeln wurden von den Gesetzen der Teilungsmächte bestimmt, was zu einer inkohärenten Entwicklung von Institutionen dieser Art führte. Dies brachte nach der Wiederherstellung der Staatlichkeit Polens etliche Probleme mit sich und wurde deshalb zum Feld intensiver legislatorischer Arbeit. Die Vereinheitlichung der Rechtsvorschriften brachte letztendlich das vom Sejm verabschiedete Gesetz über die Genossenschaften vom 29.10.1920 mit sich. Eins der Verbände, das seine Tätigkeit den neuen Regeln anpassen musste, war die Lebensmittelgenossenschaft der Staatlichen und Kommunalen Arbeiter in Końskie. Ihre Mitglieder änderten die Struktur und den Tätigkeitsumfang der Genossenschaft nach den Bestimmungen des Gesetzes mit dem Beschluss der Generalversammlung vom 27. November 1921. Die damals beschlossene Satzung beinhaltete die dem Gesetz entsprechenden Bestimmungen zur Struktur der Genossenschaftsorgane (des Vorstandes, des Aufsichtsrates und der Generalversammlung), über deren Zusammensetzung, deren Berufung und Funktionsweise, und auf manchen Feldern formulierte die Bestimmungen klarer, wie zum Beispiel bezüglich der Erstellung des Tätigkeitsberichtes für das vergangene Umsatzjahr

Terrorism’s Impact on Mental Health Outcomes among Directly and Indirectly Exposed Victims and the Development of Psychopathology

After the events of 9/11, many police-responders developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and were potentially vulnerable to developing depression and/or anxiety; in addition, nearly half of police with probable PTSD had comorbid depression and anxiety. Having in mind that victims who experience the effects of terrorism are exposed to high levels of psychological damage, we thus aimed to determine how sequelae of a terrorist act directly and indirectly affect victims. Quantitative synthesis findings were concluded on the basis of 200 records that met the inclusion criteria out of a total of 650. We grouped the patients according to their level of exposure to the WTC terrorist attack on 11 September 2001. The Level I group included individuals who had experienced the traumatic event and/or those who had observed the attack. The Level II group consisted of rescuers and/or persons who cleaned up debris in the area after the attack. The Level III group comprised the victims’ families. Our research enabled us to create a profile for those who were most vulnerable to mental disorders after the WTC terrorist attack. Patients who had survived the terrorist attack and/or those who had observed the incident exhibited fewer traumatic symptoms and a lower percentage of suicidal thoughts in comparison to individuals who had worked as rescuers or cleaning staff in the area after the attack. The number of symptoms rose along with increased contact time with the stressor. The dominant symptom was the triad of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The findings may confirm the positive effect of protracted court cases in legal proceedings for compensation on the maintenance and development of psychopathology. Our research may contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of terrorism outcomes on the human psyche and be used in the development of standards for dealing with victims of terrorism’s impact

Event innovation in times of uncertainty

Purpose This study highlights areas of key importance for building event resilience and provides best-practice industry examples that foster innovative, adaptable and transformative event environments, which are areas of high academic and managerial relevance in times of uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a multicase study research design that draws on interviews with the leaders of four event organizations in Denmark and Norway: (1) the Steinkjer Festival, (2) Run Alone Denmark, (3) FC Midtjylland and (4) the Bergen International Festival. Findings The events demonstrated the critical necessity of understanding innovation and its contribution to resilience in the event sector, particularly in times of uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These organizations achieved success by continuously fostering innovative environments before COVID-19 by being value-driven and customer-centric organizations. Digital technologies were not used as makeshift solutions but rather to enhance event attendees' experiential platforms and expand each event's business potential. Practical implications The paper answers the call for event and festival research during the COVID-19 pandemic to explore the importance of understanding failure, crisis, innovation and recovery. Originality/value The paper's contributions to event management research are (1) adding to the ongoing discussion about building a resilient event sector in times of uncertainty, (2) screening how event organizers achieve innovation in their organizations and (3) providing insights on future requirements for events in a post-COVID world

Effects of COVID-19 Infection Control Measures on the Festival and Event Sector in Poland and Norway

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on the functioning of the event industry. This article aims to present the impact of infection control measures on the event sector. In addition, the article compares the infection control measures implemented in Poland and Norway. The COVID-19 infection measures analysis is the first stage of a project to build the resilience of the event sector. The study was conducted based on secondary data (analysis of documents and public statistics, with the support of the literature). The research used the descriptive method and comparisons. The results of the study confirmed the following research hypotheses according to which: (1) uncertainty is conducive to overreactions, both of the government and entities from the event sector; (2) mutual trust between government and society reduces the need for restrictions; and (3) the lack of mutual trust between government and society increases uncertainty. Furthermore, the inability to meet people, limited access to culture, and the need to work from home contributed to the deterioration of societies’ quality of life and mental health. This means that the pandemic has an adverse impact on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3 and 8)

Building a resilient event sector in times of uncertainty

This paper offers a novel context-based resilience model to identify and discuss the sources of the resilience of event ecosystems during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the study employs a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) approach to study how event ecosystems have evolved due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Special attention is given to their adaptability and transformability capacities. Understanding how event ecosystems change under unexpected circumstances will promote solutions that strengthen the sector’s resilience in a global pandemic and the post-pandemic reality. Therefore, the research contributes twofold to the existing literature on event crisis management. First, it proposes a context-based event ecosystem resilience framework (CEER) to enable a more comprehensive understanding of what makes event ecosystems resilient and responsive to the changing environment in which they operate. Second, it takes on a challenge to conduct an empirical investigation of various aspects of the CEER model in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

A General Phenomenon of Spontaneous Amplification of Optical Purity under Achiral Chromatographic Conditions

This work explores the behavior of chiral compound mixtures enriched in one of the enantiomers whilst a typical chromatography on the achiral stationary phase is employed. The influence of several factors, such as the eluent composition, ratio of the compound to the stationary phase, and the initial enatiomeric purity of the compound used on the distribution of the enantiomers in the collected chromatographic fraction, was studied. The obtained results indicate that the phenomenon of Self Disproportionation of Enantiomer (SDE) occurred in all cases, and some of the collected fractions got higher optical purities than the initial one. Thus, achiral column chromatography could be applied in some cases as the simplest approach for chiral purification. Based on the experimental results and DFT calculations, an alternative concept explaining the SDE phenomenon was proposed. Due to its generality and simplicity, SDE may also be responsible for the formation of the first chiral non-racemic compounds on the early Earth

A Modular Approach to Atropisomeric Bisphosphines of Diversified Electronic Density on Phosphorus Atoms

The series of C2-symmetric biaryl core-based non-racemic bisphosphines possessing substituents of different electronic properties: both EDG and EWG were obtained in a short sequence of good yielding transformations, started from commercial 1,3-dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene. Several different approaches leading to the desirable ligands were practically evaluated. Notably, the synthesis of the entire series of ligands could be performed with the utilization of a single early-stage precursor DIDAB (6,6′-diiodo-2,2′,4,4′-tetramethylbiphenyl-3,3′-diamine), which could be easily obtained in enantiomerically pure form. The obtained compounds at concentrations of 50 and 200 µM showed various biological activity against normal human dermal fibroblast, ranging from inactivity through time-dependent action and ending up with high toxicity