Light regulation of metabolic pathways in fungi

Light represents a major carrier of information in nature. The molecular machineries translating its electromagnetic energy (photons) into the chemical language of cells transmit vital signals for adjustment of virtually every living organism to its habitat. Fungi react to illumination in various ways, and we found that they initiate considerable adaptations in their metabolic pathways upon growth in light or after perception of a light pulse. Alterations in response to light have predominantly been observed in carotenoid metabolism, polysaccharide and carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, nucleotide and nucleoside metabolism, and in regulation of production of secondary metabolites. Transcription of genes is initiated within minutes, abundance and activity of metabolic enzymes are adjusted, and subsequently, levels of metabolites are altered to cope with the harmful effects of light or to prepare for reproduction, which is dependent on light in many cases. This review aims to give an overview on metabolic pathways impacted by light and to illustrate the physiological significance of light for fungi. We provide a basis for assessment whether a given metabolic pathway might be subject to regulation by light and how these properties can be exploited for improvement of biotechnological processes

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

The Refugee Act of 1980 : what have we learned ?

The Refugee Act of 1980 : what have we learned ? Doris M. MEISSNER « This article discusses the objectives of legislation enacted in 1980 that incorporated into US law the international definition of a refugee. It examines the political climate that existed when the legislation was debated and how sudden, unforseen events affected the implementation of the new law. Particular attention is directed at understanding the difficulty the US has experienced in achieving a nationality-neutral refugee program and in establishing a political asylum system that is fair but resistant to abuse. The writer closes with some speculation future directions in US refugee policy and law as a resuit of the thaw in US Soviet relations and possible changes in US policy toward Central America ».« La loi de 1980 sur les réfugiés : qu'avons-nous appris ? » Doris M. MEISSNER Cet article présente les objectifs de la législation adoptée en 1980, qui inclut dans la loi américaine la définition internationale des réfugiés. Il examine le climat politique qui régnait lorsque la loi a été débattue et comment des événements soudains et imprévus ont affecté la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle loi. L'accent est tout particulièrement mis sur la compréhension de la difficulté des Etats-Unis à établir un programme neutre au regard de la nationalité des réfugiés et un système d'asile politique, souple mais résistant aux abus. L'auteur conclut avec comme hypothèse que les directions futures de la politique et de la législation américaines concernant les réfugiés seront le résultat du dégel des relations américano-soviétiques et de possibles changements dans la politique américaine en Amérique centrale.La ley de 1980 sobre los refugiados : ¿ Que hemos aprendido ? Doris M. MEISSNER Este artículo presenta los objetivos de la legislación adoptada en 1980, que incluye en la ley norteamericana, la definición internacional de los refugiados. También examina el clima político en vigor cuando la ley fue discutida, y como los acontecimientos súbitos e imprevisibles afectaron la instauración de la nueva ley. Se insiste particularmente en la comprensión de la dificuldad de los Estados-Unidos para establecer un programa neutro en función de la nacionalidad de los refugiados y un sistema de asilo político, flexible pero resistente a los abusos. El autor concluye con la hipótesis de que las direcciones futuras de la política y de la legislación norteamericana referentes a los refugiados, resultaran del deshielo de las relaciones americano-sovieticas y de los cambios posibles en la política norteamericana en Centroamerica.Meissner Doris M. The Refugee Act of 1980 : what have we learned ?. In: Revue européenne des migrations internationales, vol. 6, n°1,1990. L'immigration aux États-Unis, sous la direction de James Hollifield et Yves Charbit. pp. 129-140

Immigration Enforcement in the United States: The Rise of a Formidable Machinery

The US government spends more on federal immigration enforcement than on all other principal federal criminal law enforcement agencies combined, and has allocated nearly $187 billion for immigration enforcement since 1986. Deportations have reached record highs, border apprehensions 40-year lows, and more noncitizens than ever before are in immigration detention. The report traces the evolution of the immigration enforcement system, particularly in the post-9/11 era, in terms of budgets, personnel, enforcement actions, and technology -- analyzing how individual programs and policies have resulted in a complex, interconnected, cross-agency system