A Study of Perceptual Factors Influencing Investors buying Behavior in Tanzanian Equity Market

Abstract The study attempts to ascertain the factors influencing buying behavior of Investors in DSE, Tanzania. Tanzania adopted a privatization policy in 1992 after recognizing that the state enterprises were becoming unbearable burden and the government was unable to sustain them. Despite the implementation of the government reforms and the establishment of DSE, Incorporated in the mid-1990s, the Dar-es-salaam Stock Exchange is a relatively new establishment compared to those existing in other parts of Africa. However, it has not been able to reach the masses as much as it should. In the United States of America, for example, the general population uses the stock markets as a means of savings and growing their wealth. In Tanzania, the majority of the population has no indication of what a stock market is and how it could help them. The study suggests that trading shares is the principal business activity for stock exchanges. Whether due to lax standards, poor supervision, weakness in the economy, loan problems have historically been the major causes of stock exchange losses and failures. Effective management of the equity market is fundamental to stock markets safety and soundness. Based on the study findings, it means that all listed companies should pay attention to several factors like quality management decisions, building brand, transparency in settlement issues. Specifically, companies should constantly review the interest rates and observe alternative companies marketing strategies to acquire better position in market. JEL classification numbers: G0, G11, N27

Dipyrrinato‐Iridium(III) Complexes for Application in Photodynamic Therapy and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation

The generation of bio-targetable photosensitizers is of utmost importance to the emerging field of photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial (photo-)therapy. A synthetic strategy is presented in which chelating dipyrrin moieties are used to enhance the known photoactivity of iridium(III) metal complexes. Formed complexes can thus be functionalized in a facile manner with a range of targeting groups at their chemically active reaction sites. Dipyrrins with N- and O-substituents afforded (dipy)iridium(III) complexes via complexation with the respective Cp*-iridium(III) and ppy-iridium(III) precursors (dipy=dipyrrinato, Cp*=pentamethyl-eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl, ppy=2-phenylpyridyl). Similarly, electron-deficient [Ir-III(dipy)(ppy)(2)] complexes could be used for post-functionalization, forming alkenyl, alkynyl and glyco-appended iridium(III) complexes. The phototoxic activity of these complexes has been assessed in cellular and bacterial assays with and without light; the [Ir-III(Cl)(Cp*)(dipy)] complexes and the glyco-substituted iridium(III) complexes showing particular promise as photomedicine candidates. Representative crystal structures of the complexes are also presented

Nurse staffing and adverse events in residential aged care: Retrospective multi-site analysis

Background: People living in residential aged care homes are entitled to a safe environment 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Unfortunately, past evidence tells us this is not always the case and that our most vulnerable population experience high rates of adverse events. Aim: To determine whether after-hours shifts are associated with number of adverse events, independent of registered nurse staffing levels and residential aged care home size. Methods: Retrospective cohort design with multilevel modelling. Adverse events, registered nurse staffing and facility size were collected via routine reporting from ten homes (1020 beds) in one Australian state for three months in 2017. Findings: Residents records (n = 1560) of adverse events were collected from ten Residential Aged Care Homes with 1020 beds. An adverse event was reported, on average, every second shift per home. During afterhours shifts, there was an inverse association between nurse staffing and adverse events, such that lower nurse staffing was associated with higher rates of adverse events, specifically for falls and pressure injuries/skin tears. During day shifts, this effect was not seen. Discussion: The findings support statements made at the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety regarding the lack of adequacy of nurse staffing supervision during and after hours and may con- tribute to considerations of upcoming mandated registered nursing contact hours for 16 of the 24 hours in a day. Conclusion: During after-hour shifts, but not day shifts, having fewer nurses is associated with more likelihood of adverse event occurrences in Australian residential aged care homes. More research, in more sites and across more organisations, with better granulation across day, evening, night and week- end/public holiday shifts will improve understanding and responsiveness to the phenomena. Future re- search examining falls should include staffing levels

Nurse staffing and adverse events in residential aged care:Retrospective multi-site analysis

Background: People living in residential aged care homes are entitled to a safe environment 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Unfortunately, past evidence tells us this is not always the case and that our most vulnerable population experience high rates of adverse events. Aim: To determine whether after-hours shifts are associated with number of adverse events, independent of registered nurse staffing levels and residential aged care home size. Methods: Retrospective cohort design with multilevel modelling. Adverse events, registered nurse staffing and facility size were collected via routine reporting from ten homes (1020 beds) in one Australian state for three months in 2017. Findings: Residents records (n = 1560) of adverse events were collected from ten Residential Aged Care Homes with 1020 beds. An adverse event was reported, on average, every second shift per home. During afterhours shifts, there was an inverse association between nurse staffing and adverse events, such that lower nurse staffing was associated with higher rates of adverse events, specifically for falls and pressure injuries/skin tears. During day shifts, this effect was not seen. Discussion: The findings support statements made at the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety regarding the lack of adequacy of nurse staffing supervision during and after hours and may con- tribute to considerations of upcoming mandated registered nursing contact hours for 16 of the 24 hours in a day. Conclusion: During after-hour shifts, but not day shifts, having fewer nurses is associated with more likelihood of adverse event occurrences in Australian residential aged care homes. More research, in more sites and across more organisations, with better granulation across day, evening, night and week- end/public holiday shifts will improve understanding and responsiveness to the phenomena. Future re- search examining falls should include staffing levels

Extreme Connectedness between Green Bonds, Government Bonds, Corporate Bonds and Other Asset Classes: Insights for Portfolio Investors

This paper aims to examine the connectedness between green and conventional assets, particularly during the period of economic downturn. Specifically, we examine quantile-based time-varying connectedness between the green bond market and other financial assets using quantile vector autoregression (QVAR) from 9 March 2018 to 10 March 2021. We use daily prices of S&P U.S. Treasury Bond Index, S&P US Aggregate Bond Index, S&P US Treasury Bond Current 10Y Index, S&P 500 Bond Index, S&P 500 Financials index, S&P 500 Energy Bond Index and S&P 500, giving a total of 784 observations, and using Composite Index as a representative of conventional assets classes and S&P Green Bond Index to denote the green bond market. Results shows the connectedness between green bonds and the conventional asset classes intensified during the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) as investors shifted their investment towards fixed income assets due to the plunge in the prices of stocks and commodities. The results also shows that green bonds are strongly connected with treasury bonds, aggregate bonds and bond index, as they share similarities with respect to issuance, risk and governance. Connectedness is weak in the case of composite index and energy bond index, as their prices do not have substantial influence on the green bond market. The study highlights the hedging and diversification benefits of green bonds. We have several implications for portfolio managers, policy makers and researchers

Assessing Configurational Sampling in the Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Calculation of Temoporfin Absorption Spectrum and Triplet Density of States

The absorption properties of Temoporfin, a second-generation photosensitizer employed in photodynamic therapy, are calculated with an electrostatic-embedding quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme in methanol. The suitability of several ensembles of geometries generated by different sampling techniques, namely classical-molecular-dynamics (MD) and QM/MM-MD thermal sampling, Wigner quantum sampling and a hybrid protocol, which combines the thermal and quantum approaches, is assessed. It is found that a QM description of the chromophore during the sampling is needed in order to achieve a good agreement with respect to the experimental spectrum. Such a good agreement is obtained with both QM/MM-MD and Wigner samplings, demonstrating that a proper description of the anharmonic motions of the chromophore is not relevant in the computation of the absorption properties. In addition, it is also found that solvent organization is a rather fast process and a long sampling is not required. Finally, it is also demonstrated that the same exchange-correlation functional should be employed in the sampling and in the computation of the excited states properties to avoid unphysical triplet states with relative energies close or below 0 eV

Assessing Configurational Sampling in the Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Calculation of Temoporfin Absorption Spectrum and Triplet Density of States

The absorption properties of Temoporfin, a second-generation photosensitizer employed in photodynamic therapy, are calculated with an electrostatic-embedding quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme in methanol. The suitability of several ensembles of geometries generated by different sampling techniques, namely classical-molecular-dynamics (MD) and QM/MM-MD thermal sampling, Wigner quantum sampling and a hybrid protocol, which combines the thermal and quantum approaches, is assessed. It is found that a QM description of the chromophore during the sampling is needed in order to achieve a good agreement with respect to the experimental spectrum. Such a good agreement is obtained with both QM/MM-MD and Wigner samplings, demonstrating that a proper description of the anharmonic motions of the chromophore is not relevant in the computation of the absorption properties. In addition, it is also found that solvent organization is a rather fast process and a long sampling is not required. Finally, it is also demonstrated that the same exchange-correlation functional should be employed in the sampling and in the computation of the excited states properties to avoid unphysical triplet states with relative energies close or below 0 eV.© 2018 by the author