Names and Titles: Maiden Name Retention and the Use of Ms.

This sociolinguistic study examines the two dependent variables of stereotypes of women who use Ms., and stereotypes of women who retain their maiden name after marriage, with respect to the five independent variables of sex, age, level of education, degree of religiousness, and feminist orientation. Three hypotheses are proposed and are tested by means of a questionnaire distributed to a stratified sample of 325 subjects. The data from the sample are analyzed using the SPSS subroutines Analysis of Variance and Pearson Correlation and the results indicate that subjects' sex, level of education, and degree of religiousness are significant with respect to their stereotypes. A strong positive correlation is shown between stereotypes of women who retain their maiden name and stereotypes of women who use Ms

Language learning strategies of preschool children on the example of French and German as foreign languages

Der Artikel erforscht den bewussten Einsatz von Sprachlernstrategien im frühen Fremdsprachenerwerb. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Untersuchung mit 39 Kindern im Vorschulalter durchgeführt, die im Rahmen des frühen Fremdsprachenlernprogramms entweder Deutsch oder Französisch als Fremdsprache lernen. Als Instrument wurde eine Adaption des von J. Mihaljević Djigunović (2001) entwickelten Leitfadeninterviews eingesetzt. Es besteht aus sechs offenen Fragen, in denen die Testpersonen dazu angehalten werden, in kroatischer Sprache zu erklären, wie sie ihren Plüschtieren bestimmte Wörter und Wendungen auf Französisch oder Deutsch beibringen würden. Jedes Interview wurde digital aufgezeichnet und transkribiert. In den Abschriften wurden die genannten Sprachlernstrategien ausgezählt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Hilfe der deskriptiven Statistik erfasst und bearbeitet. Dabei wurde die Gesamtzahl von 571 registrierten Strategien auf 25 grundliegende Sprachlernstrategien zurückgeführt. Die ermittelten Strategien wurden nach Häufigkeit und Art sortiert. Anhand einer quantitativen Analyse wurde die mit Abstand größte Häufigkeit der Gedächtnisstrategien (N=320) nachgewiesen. Demnach können sie als im Bewusstsein fest verankert und erworben angesehen werden, wodurch sich ihre explizite Vermittlung erübrigt. Affektive Strategien kamen hingegen äußerst selten vor (N=3), vermutlich weil Kinder im Vorschulalter diese entweder noch nicht brauchen oder noch nicht imstande sind, sie sich bewusst zu machen und zu beschreiben. Kognitive Strategien wurden ebenfalls in geringer Zahl verzeichnet, u.z. bei durchschnittlich weniger als einem Drittel der Befragten (N=12), ebenso wie die Sozialen Strategien, lediglich bei mehr als der Hälfte der Befragten (N=27). Formale Strategien wurden im Schnitt mehr als einmal beschrieben (N=44), Nicht-formale (N=66) mehr als anderthalb Mal und Analytische Strategien (N=102) durchschnittlich häufiger als zweieinhalb Mal. Die qualitative Analyse der genannten Sprachlernstrategien bestätigte die Annahme, dass Vorschulkinder durchaus über die Fähigkeit verfügen, den eigenen Sprachlernprozess zu planen, durchzuführen, zu reflektieren und einzuschätzen, und sie gab Aufschluss über die Art und Weise, wie Kinder dabei bewusst vorgehen. Die endgültige Liste der im frühen Fremdspracherwerb besonders häufig ermittelten Sprachlernstrategien könnte als empirisch nachgewiesene Grundlage für ihren Einsatz im frühen Fremdsprachenunterricht dienen.This paper examines the awareness of language learning strategies use in early foreign language learning. The research was carried out on the sample of 39 preschool children who were included in early foreign language learning of French and German. A structured interview was conducted with the participants, based on the one used by Mihaljević-Djigunović (2001). It consists of six open questions. The participants were asked to explain how they would help various soft toys to learn some words and structures in French or German. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the reported strategies were then counted. The results were described and analysed based on descriptive statistics. A total of 571 solutions named by the participants were attributed to 25 language learning strategies. The strategies have been structured according to their frequency and functions. The quantitave analysis showed a considerable prevalence of memory-related strategies (N=320) which leads to the conclusion that they do not need to be taught, since they were mentioned and acquired by an overwhelming majority. This also applies to affective strategies. They occurred very rarely (N=3) indicating that preschool children either do not need those strategies or are not able to identify and use them. Cognitive strategies seem to be identified by an average of only one-third of the participants (N=12) and social strategies by little more than a half of them (N=27). On average, formal strategies were described more than once (N=44), informal strategies (N=66) more than one and a half times, while analytic strategies were described more than two and a half times (N=102). A qualitative analysis of these language learning strategies showed that young learners can plan, carry out, monitor, and evaluate their learning process, and indicates how children do this consciously. The final list of frequently described language learning strategies, which are specific to preschool children learning a foreign language, represents an empirical starting point for their implementation in early foreign language learning and teaching

Experimental assessment of capacities for cumulative culture : review and evaluation of methods

Funding information: H2020 European Research Council, Grant/Award Number: 648841 RATCHETCOGIn the current literature, there are few experimental tests of capacities for cumulative cultural evolution in nonhuman species. There are even fewer examples of such tests in young children. This limited evidence is noteworthy given widespread interest in the apparent distinctiveness of human cumulative culture, and the potentially significant theoretical implications of identifying related capacities in nonhumans or very young children. We evaluate experimental methods upon which claims of capacities for cumulative culture, or lack thereof, have been based. Although some of the established methods (those simulating generational succession) have the potential to identify positive evidence that fulfills widely accepted definitions of cumulative culture, the implementation of these methods entails significant logistical challenges. This is particularly true for testing populations that are difficult to access in large numbers, or those not amenable to experimental control. This presents problems for generating evidence that would be sufficient to support claims of capacities for cumulative culture, and these problems are magnified for establishing convincing negative evidence. We discuss alternative approaches to assessing capacities for cumulative culture, which circumvent logistical problems associated with experimental designs involving chains of learners. By inferring the outcome of repeated transmission from the input–output response patterns of individual subjects, sample size requirements can be massively reduced. Such methods could facilitate comparisons between populations, for example, different species, or children of a range of ages. We also detail limitations and challenges of this alternative approach, and discuss potential avenues for future research.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Nurse scientists overcoming challenges to lead transdisciplinary research teams

Increasingly, scientific funding agencies are requiring that researchers move toward an integrated, transdisciplinary team science paradigm. While the barriers to and rewards of conducting this type of research have been discussed in the literature, examples of how nurse investigators have led these teams to reconcile the differences in theoretical, methodological, and/or analytic perspectives that inevitably exist are lacking. In this article, we describe these developmental trajectory challenges through a case study of one transdisciplinary team, focusing on team member characteristics and the leadership tasks associated with successful transdisciplinary science teams in the literature. Specifically, we describe how overcoming these challenges has been essential to examining the complex, and potentially cumulative effects that key intersections between legal, social welfare, and labor market systems may have on the health of disadvantaged women. Finally, we discuss this difficult, but rewarding work within the context of lessons learned and transdisciplinary team research in relation to the future of nursing science

Composition for personal growth : program design and evaluation.

<p>Two categories were used for cross-validation of the model, either type 1 or type 2. Clinical isolates were treated as an unknown class and cross-validated sensitivity, specificity, and class error were based on their classification prediction score with their respective reference strain control class. CV, cross-validated.</p><p>Cross-validated PLS-DA modeling statistics for the prediction performance for NA-SERS typing of individual type 1 and 2 <i>M</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> clinical isolates.</p

Mode equivalence and acceptability of tablet computer-, interactive voice response system-, and paper-based administration of the U.S. National Cancer Institute’s Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE)

Background PRO-CTCAE is a library of items that measure cancer treatment-related symptomatic adverse events (NCI Contracts: HHSN261201000043C and HHSN 261201000063C). The objective of this study is to examine the equivalence and acceptability of the three data collection modes (Web-enabled touchscreen tablet computer, Interactive voice response system [IVRS], and paper) available within the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) measurement system. Methods Participants (n = 112; median age 56.5; 24 % high school or less) receiving treatment for cancer at seven US sites completed 28 PRO-CTCAE items (scoring range 0–4) by three modes (order randomized) at a single study visit. Subjects completed one page (approx. 15 items) of the EORTC QLQ-C30 between each mode as a distractor. Item scores by mode were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC); differences in scores within the 3-mode crossover design were evaluated with mixed-effects models. Difficulties with each mode experienced by participants were also assessed. Results 103 (92 %) completed questionnaires by all three modes. The median ICC comparing tablet vs IVRS was 0.78 (range 0.55–0.90); tablet vs paper: 0.81 (0.62–0.96); IVRS vs paper: 0.78 (0.60–0.91); 89 % of ICCs were ≥0.70. Item-level mean differences by mode were small (medians [ranges] for tablet vs. IVRS = −0.04 [−0.16–0.22]; tablet vs paper = −0.02 [−0.11–0.14]; IVRS vs paper = 0.02 [−0.07–0.19]), and 57/81 (70 %) items had bootstrapped 95 % CI around the effect sizes within +/−0.20. The median time to complete the questionnaire by tablet was 3.4 min; IVRS: 5.8; paper: 4.0. The proportion of participants by mode who reported “no problems” responding to the questionnaire was 86 % tablet, 72 % IVRS, and 98 % paper. Conclusions Mode equivalence of items was moderate to high, and comparable to test-retest reliability (median ICC = 0.80). Each mode was acceptable to a majority of respondents. Although the study was powered to detect moderate or larger discrepancies between modes, the observed ICCs and very small mean differences between modes provide evidence to support study designs that are responsive to patient or investigator preference for mode of administration, and justify comparison of results and pooled analyses across studies that employ different PRO-CTCAE modes of administration. Trial registration NCT Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT0215863

Effective knowledge translation approaches and practices in Indigenous health research: A systematic review protocol

Background: Effective knowledge translation (KT) is critical to implementing program and policy changes that require shared understandings of knowledge systems, assumptions, and practices. Within mainstream research institutions and funding agencies, systemic and insidious inequities, privileges, and power relationships inhibit Indigenous peoples' control, input, and benefits over research. This systematic review will examine literature on KT initiatives in Indigenous health research to help identify wise and promising Indigenous KT practices and language in Canada and abroad. Methods: Indexed databases including Aboriginal Health Abstract Database, Bibliography of Native North Americans, CINAHL, Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database, Dissertation Abstracts, First Nations Periodical Index, Medline, National Indigenous Studies Portal, ProQuest Conference Papers Index, PsycInfo, Social Services Abstracts, Social Work Abstracts, and Web of Science will be searched. A comprehensive list of non-indexed and grey literature sources will also be searched. For inclusion, documents must be published in English; linked to Indigenous health and wellbeing; focused on Indigenous people; document KT goals, activities, and rationale; an

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Mode equivalence and acceptability of tablet computer-, interactive voice response system-, and paper-based administration of the U.S. National Cancer Institute’s Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE)

Abstract Background PRO-CTCAE is a library of items that measure cancer treatment-related symptomatic adverse events (NCI Contracts: HHSN261201000043C and HHSN 261201000063C). The objective of this study is to examine the equivalence and acceptability of the three data collection modes (Web-enabled touchscreen tablet computer, Interactive voice response system [IVRS], and paper) available within the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) measurement system. Methods Participants (n = 112; median age 56.5; 24 % high school or less) receiving treatment for cancer at seven US sites completed 28 PRO-CTCAE items (scoring range 0–4) by three modes (order randomized) at a single study visit. Subjects completed one page (approx. 15 items) of the EORTC QLQ-C30 between each mode as a distractor. Item scores by mode were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC); differences in scores within the 3-mode crossover design were evaluated with mixed-effects models. Difficulties with each mode experienced by participants were also assessed. Results 103 (92 %) completed questionnaires by all three modes. The median ICC comparing tablet vs IVRS was 0.78 (range 0.55–0.90); tablet vs paper: 0.81 (0.62–0.96); IVRS vs paper: 0.78 (0.60–0.91); 89 % of ICCs were ≥0.70. Item-level mean differences by mode were small (medians [ranges] for tablet vs. IVRS = −0.04 [−0.16–0.22]; tablet vs paper = −0.02 [−0.11–0.14]; IVRS vs paper = 0.02 [−0.07–0.19]), and 57/81 (70 %) items had bootstrapped 95 % CI around the effect sizes within +/−0.20. The median time to complete the questionnaire by tablet was 3.4 min; IVRS: 5.8; paper: 4.0. The proportion of participants by mode who reported “no problems” responding to the questionnaire was 86 % tablet, 72 % IVRS, and 98 % paper. Conclusions Mode equivalence of items was moderate to high, and comparable to test-retest reliability (median ICC = 0.80). Each mode was acceptable to a majority of respondents. Although the study was powered to detect moderate or larger discrepancies between modes, the observed ICCs and very small mean differences between modes provide evidence to support study designs that are responsive to patient or investigator preference for mode of administration, and justify comparison of results and pooled analyses across studies that employ different PRO-CTCAE modes of administration. Trial registration NCT Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT0215863