Self-discharge characteristics of spacecraft nickel-cadmium cells at elevated temperatures

The effects of heat generation were determined in NiCd cells during high temperature storage on open circuits. The testing was designed to determine the extent to which thermal stability is a valid concern, at temperature of exposure (externally effected) between 40 and 120 C

U. S. Trade in Tuna for Canning, 1987

U.S. tuna fleet activity, canned tuna processing, ex-vessel, wholesale and retail prices and imports in 1987 are described and compared to their counterparts in previous years. Industry statistics gathered from government agencies and industry contacts are presented in 14 figures and 8 tables. In 1987, U.S. tuna fisheries delivered 253,136 short tons (tons) of tuna to U.S. canneries. Domestic deliveries of albacore (white-meat) tuna were 2,836 tons, down 20 percent from 1986 levels. Domestic deliveries of tropical (light-meat) tuna (bigeye, blackfin, bluefin, skipjack, and yellowfin) were 251,000 tons, up 12 percent. Contract prices for tuna delivered by U. S. vessels to U. S. canneries increased dramatically in 1987. Depending on the size of fish in the delivery, ex-vessel prices of white-meat tuna increased as much as 27 percent, and prices of light-meat tuna increased as much as 47 percent. U. S. cannery receipts of imported and domestically caught raw frozen tuna for canning totaled 532,704 tons in 1987, up 2 percent from 1986 levels. U.S. cannery receipts of white-meat tuna were 104,197 tons, down 10 percent from 1986. Imports made up 97 percent of the total cannery supply. Total 1987 U. S. cannery receipts of raw, frozen light meat tuna were 428,507 tons, up 5 percent from 1986 levels. Imports made up 41 percent of the total cannery supply. The 1987 U.S. pack of canned tuna was 33.6 million standard cases, up 3 percent from 1986. The pack of white-meat tuna was 7.2 million standard cases, down 11 percent from 1986; the pack of light-meat tuna was 26.4 million standard cases, up 7 percent. U. S. imports of canned tuna in 1987 were 10.8 million standard cases, down 11 percent from 1986 levels, the first time in recent years that imports have declined. Per capita consumption of canned tuna in the United States was 3.5 pounds in 1987, down slightly from 1986. The retail composite price was $2.26 per pound, unchanged from 1986

Evaluation of hydraulic spraying parameters for applying foliar fungicides in snap beans

A medium-volume, two-row hydraulic sprayer was used in the application of various treatments of a foliar fungicide solution and fluorescent particle suspension to snap bean foliage. The treatments consisted of 20, 40, or 60 gallons of solution per acre applied at either 50 or 100 psi using 1, 2, or 3 nozzles per row. Trifoliate bean leaves were randomly selected from the treated rows and evaluated for rust control efficiency and completeness of bean leaf surface coverage. Data evaluation in these two areas was based upon visual subjective observation. Rust rating data indicated that fungicide applications of 20 gallons per acre applied using 1 nozzle at 50 psi were just as effective in controlling bean rust as higher application rates applied with 2 or 3 nozzles per row at 50 or 100 psi. Also, pod curvature and yield were not appreciably affected by the various fungicide parameters. Evaluation of coverage data showed that as the application rate increased, increases in the percentage of both top and bottom leaf surface coverage occurred. However, even at the highest application rate, only about 60 percent of the total leaf surface received spray coverage. Increasing sprayer pressure from 50 to 100 psi was found to slightly increase coverage of both top and bottom leaf surfaces. As the number of nozzles per row was increased, leaf coverage was found to also increase. Data indicated that bottom leaf surface coverage was. n more markedly Influenced by increasing the number of nozzles than top leaf surface coverage

Toward the permissive society? Morality policy agendas and policy directions in Western democracies

Employing two theories of morality policy, Policy Types and the "Two Worlds" of religious/secular party systems, we describe and attempt to explain the empirical patterns for five morality policy issues (abortion, capital punishment, euthanasia,assisted reproductive technology/stem cell research, and same-sex marriage) across 24 Western democracies since World War II. What is the content of policy adoption? Are some countries consistently more permissive or restrictive on morality issues? How long do these issues stay on the political agenda? These issues have been on the agendas of all of the countries for varying time periods, with some being older in vintage (death penalty, abortion, euthanasia) than others (ART/stem cells and same-sex marriage). The general tendency has been toward greater permissiveness, but there still remains considerable policy diversity. While there has been substantial change on morality policies in Western democracies since World War II, the change is more thorough in some jurisdictions and in some regions more than others

Ten Years of Challenge Course Research: A Review of Affective Outcome Studies

Over the past 30 years, challenge/ropes courses have spread across the country and are now focused toward a variety of popula­tions, including adolescents, college stu­dents, and corporate employees. Despite their success and growing popularity as an effective training tool, challenge/ropes courses have earned little credibility through academic research. Although a significant amount of research has· been completed, questions continue to arise regarding the efficacy of challenge/ropes experiences for corporate team development and the educa­tional enhancement for adolescent and col­lege students. The purpose of this study was to assimilate and synthesize challenge/ropes course research during the 1990s that stud­ied affective outcomes with non-therapeutic populations

X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue

AGN are known to have complex X-ray spectra that depend on both the properties of the accreting SMBH (e.g. mass, accretion rate) and the distribution of obscuring material in its vicinity ("torus"). Often however, simple and even unphysical models are adopted to represent the X-ray spectra of AGN. In the case of blank field surveys in particular, this should have an impact on e.g. the determination of the AGN luminosity function, the inferred accretion history of the Universe and also on our understanding of the relation between AGN and their host galaxies. We develop a Bayesian framework for model comparison and parameter estimation of X-ray spectra. We take into account uncertainties associated with X-ray data and photometric redshifts. We also demonstrate how Bayesian model comparison can be used to select among ten different physically motivated X-ray spectral models the one that provides a better representation of the observations. Despite the use of low-count spectra, our methodology is able to draw strong inferences on the geometry of the torus. For a sample of 350 AGN in the 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field South field, our analysis identifies four components needed to represent the diversity of the observed X-ray spectra: (abridged). Simpler models are ruled out with decisive evidence in favour of a geometrically extended structure with significant Compton scattering. Regarding the geometry of the obscurer, there is strong evidence against both a completely closed or entirely open toroidal geometry, in favour of an intermediate case. The additional Compton reflection required by data over that predicted by toroidal geometry models, may be a sign of a density gradient in the torus or reflection off the accretion disk. Finally, we release a catalogue with estimated parameters such as the accretion luminosity in the 2-10 keV band and the column density, $N_{H}$, of the obscurer.Comment: 28 pages, 18 figures, catalogue available from https://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jbuchner/agn_torus/analysis/cdfs4Ms_cat/, software available from https://github.com/JohannesBuchner/BX

Unveiling a Population of X-ray Non-Detected AGN

We define a sample of 27 radio-excess AGN in the Chandra Deep Field North by selecting galaxies that do not obey the radio/infrared correlation for radio-quiet AGN and star-forming galaxies. Approximately 60% of these radio-excess AGN are X-ray undetected in the 2 Ms Chandra catalog, even at exposures of > 1 Ms; 25% lack even 2-sigma X-ray detections. The absorbing columns to the faint X-ray-detected objects are 10^22 cm^-2 < N_H < 10^24 cm^-2, i.e., they are obscured but unlikely to be Compton thick. Using a local sample of radio-selected AGN, we show that a low ratio of X-ray to radio emission, as seen in the X-ray weakly- and non-detected samples, is correlated with the viewing angle of the central engine, and therefore with obscuration. Our technique can explore the proportion of obscured AGN in the distant Universe; the results reported here for radio-excess objects are consistent with but at the low end of the overall theoretical predictions for Compton-thick objects.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 15 pages, 10 figures, 4 table

Time-resolved microstructural changes in large amplitude oscillatory shear of model single and double component soft gels

Soft particulate gels can reversibly yield when sufficient deformation is applied, and the characteristics of this transition can be enhanced or limited by designing hybrid hydrogel composites. While the microscopic dynamics and macroscopic rheology of these systems have been studied separately in detail, the development of direct connections between the two has been difficult, particularly with regard to the non-linear rheology. To bridge this gap, we perform a series of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) numerical measurements on model soft particulate gels at different volume fractions using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We first study a particulate network with local bending stiffness and then we combine it with a second component that can provide additional crosslinking to obtain two-component networks. Through the sequence of physical processes (SPP) framework we define time-resolved dynamic moduli and, by tracking the changes in these moduli through the period, we can distinguish transitions in the material behavior as a function of time. This approach helps us establish the microsopic origin of the non-linear rheology by connecting the changes in dynamics moduli to the corresponding microstructural changes during the deformation including the non-affine displacement of particles, and the breakage, formation, and orientation of bonds.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, submitted to The Journal of Rheolog