6,100 research outputs found
The Mean Metal-line Absorption Spectrum of DLAs in BOSS
We study the mean absorption spectrum of the Damped Lyman alpha population at
by stacking normalized, rest-frame shifted spectra of DLAs from the DR12 of BOSS/SDSS-III. We measure the equivalent widths
of 50 individual metal absorption lines in 5 intervals of DLA hydrogen column
density, 5 intervals of DLA redshift, and overall mean equivalent widths for an
additional 13 absorption features from groups of strongly blended lines. The
mean equivalent width of low-ionization lines increases with ,
whereas for high-ionization lines the increase is much weaker. The mean metal
line equivalent widths decrease by a factor from to
, with small or no differences between low- and high-ionization
species. We develop a theoretical model, inspired by the presence of multiple
absorption components observed in high-resolution spectra, to infer mean metal
column densities from the equivalent widths of partially saturated metal lines.
We apply this model to 14 low-ionization species and to AlIII, SIII, SiIII,
CIV, SiIV, NV and OVI. We use an approximate derivation for separating the
equivalent width contributions of several lines to blended absorption features,
and infer mean equivalent widths and column densities from lines of the
additional species NI, ZnII, CII, FeIII, and SIV. Several of these mean
column densities of metal lines in DLAs are obtained for the first time; their
values generally agree with measurements of individual DLAs from
high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra when they are available.Comment: Resubmitted after referee revision. Added evolution of metal-line
equivalent widths with redshift (Section 5). Added assessment of result
dependencies on sample and methodology. Comparison of relative abundances of
DLAs vs Milky Way ISM and halo (Figure 16). Publicly available videos of
composite quasar and DLA spectra realizations here:
https://github.com/lluism
Supernova Remnant in a Stratified Medium: Explicit, Analytical Approximations for Adiabatic Expansion and Radiative Cooling
We propose simple, explicit, analytical approximations for the kinematics of
an adiabatic blast wave propagating in an exponentially stratified ambient
medium, and for the onset of radiative cooling, which ends the adiabatic era.
Our method, based on the Kompaneets implicit solution and the Kahn
approximation for the radiative cooling coefficient, gives straightforward
estimates for the size, expansion velocity, and progression of cooling times
over the surface, when applied to supernova remnants (SNRs). The remnant shape
is remarkably close to spherical for moderate density gradients, but even a
small gradient in ambient density causes the cooling time to vary substantially
over the remnant's surface, so that for a considerable period there will be a
cold dense expanding shell covering only a part of the remnant. Our
approximation provides an effective tool for identifying the approximate
parameters when planning 2-dimensional numerical models of SNRs, the example of
W44 being given in a subsequent paper.Comment: ApJ accepted, 11 pages, 2 figures embedded, aas style with
ecmatex.sty and lscape.sty package
Federating distributed clinical data for the prediction of adverse hypotensive events
The ability to predict adverse hypotensive events, where a patient's arterial blood pressure drops to abnormally low (and dangerous) levels, would be of major benefit to the fields of primary and secondary health care, and especially to the traumatic brain injury domain. A wealth of data exist in health care systems providing information on the major health indicators of patients in hospitals (blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, etc.). It is believed that if enough of these data could be drawn together and analysed in a systematic way, then a system could be built that will trigger an alarm predicting the onset of a hypotensive event over a useful time scale, e.g. half an hour in advance. In such circumstances, avoidance measures can be taken to prevent such events arising. This is the basis for the Avert-IT project (http://www.avert-it.org), a collaborative EU-funded project involving the construction of a hypotension alarm system exploiting Bayesian neural networks using techniques of data federation to bring together the relevant information for study and system development
An Electron Microscopic Study of Human Epidermis After Acetone and Kerosene Administration
An electron microscopic study has been done on normal human skin exposed either 30 or 90 minutes to two lipid solvents (acetone and kerosene) commonly encountered in occupational situations. After topical corneum and stratum spinosum. Keratinized cells, keratohyalin cells, spinous cells, and their nuclear and cell envelopes were affected in somewhat different ways by the two solvents. Marked intracellular edema of keratinized cells and vacuolation of spinous cells were seen after exposure to acetone, while large lacunae and disappearance of the keratin pattern in keratinized cells and evidence of cytolysis of spinous cells were found only after kerosene exposure. These cytoplasmic and nuclear degenerative changes were more pronounced after 90 minutes' than after 30 minutes' exposure. Many cell membranes were ruptured and ruthenium red localization showed that desmosomes and other functional complexes were often disrupted. Seventy-two hours after discontinuation of the solvent application, a high degree of restoration of the normal ultrastructural pattern was observed in superficial layers, while residual evidence of cell degeneration and evidence of early reactive changes were found in the viable portions of the epidermis
A Model Of College Tuition Maximization
This paper develops a series of models for optimal tuition pricing for private colleges and universities. The university is assumed to be a profit maximizing, price discriminating monopolist. The enrollment decision of student’s is stochastic in nature. The university offers an effective tuition rate, comprised of stipulated tuition less financial aid, to each student based on the demographic characteristics of the student. Initially, the applicant poll is assumed to be homogeneous. Subsequently, the quality of the applicant pool is allowed to vary and the university’s tuition maximization problem is subject to quality and capacity constraints. Lastly, we perform a simulation that allows an exploration of the risks associated with the university’s tuition, quality and capacity decisions
The Effect of Variability on the Estimation of Quasar Black Hole Masses
We investigate the time-dependent variations of ultraviolet (UV) black hole
mass estimates of quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). From SDSS
spectra of 615 high-redshift (1.69 < z < 4.75) quasars with spectra from two
epochs, we estimate black hole masses, using a single-epoch technique which
employs an additional, automated night-sky-line removal, and relies on UV
continuum luminosity and CIV (1549A) emission line dispersion. Mass estimates
show variations between epochs at about the 30% level for the sample as a
whole. We determine that, for our full sample, measurement error in the line
dispersion likely plays a larger role than the inherent variability, in terms
of contributing to variations in mass estimates between epochs. However, we use
the variations in quasars with r-band spectral signal-to-noise ratio greater
than 15 to estimate that the contribution to these variations from inherent
variability is roughly 20%. We conclude that these differences in black hole
mass estimates between epochs indicate variability is not a large contributer
to the current factor of two scatter between mass estimates derived from low-
and high-ionization emission lines.Comment: 76 pages, 15 figures, 2 (long) tables; Accepted for publication in
ApJ (November 10, 2007
Optimization Techniques for College Financial Aid Managers
In the context of a theoretical model of expected profit maximization, this paper shows how historic institutional data can be used to assist enrollment managers in determining the level of financial aid for students with varying demographic and quality characteristics. Optimal tuition pricing in conjunction with empirical estimation of matriculation probability functions illustrates how financial aid can be used to maximize net tuition revenue given institutionally determined objectives. The model provides insight to the level of price sensitivity of prospective matriculants at a medium-sized comprehensive private college
New Complexity Results and Algorithms for the Minimum Tollbooth Problem
The inefficiency of the Wardrop equilibrium of nonatomic routing games can be
eliminated by placing tolls on the edges of a network so that the socially
optimal flow is induced as an equilibrium flow. A solution where the minimum
number of edges are tolled may be preferable over others due to its ease of
implementation in real networks. In this paper we consider the minimum
tollbooth (MINTB) problem, which seeks social optimum inducing tolls with
minimum support. We prove for single commodity networks with linear latencies
that the problem is NP-hard to approximate within a factor of through
a reduction from the minimum vertex cover problem. Insights from network design
motivate us to formulate a new variation of the problem where, in addition to
placing tolls, it is allowed to remove unused edges by the social optimum. We
prove that this new problem remains NP-hard even for single commodity networks
with linear latencies, using a reduction from the partition problem. On the
positive side, we give the first exact polynomial solution to the MINTB problem
in an important class of graphs---series-parallel graphs. Our algorithm solves
MINTB by first tabulating the candidate solutions for subgraphs of the
series-parallel network and then combining them optimally
N-Body Simulations of Compact Young Clusters near the Galactic Center
We investigate the dynamical evolution of compact young star clusters (CYCs)
near the Galactic center (GC) using Aarseth's Nbody6 codes. The relatively
small number of stars in the cluster (5,000-20,000) makes real-number N-body
simulations for these clusters feasible on current workstations. Using
Fokker-Planck (F-P) models, Kim, Morris, & Lee (1999) have made a survey of
cluster lifetimes for various initial conditions, and have found that clusters
with a mass <~ 2x10^4 Msun evaporate in ~10 Myr. These results were, however,
to be confirmed by N-body simulations because some extreme cluster conditions,
such as strong tidal forces and a large stellar mass range participating in the
dynamical evolution, might violate assumptions made in F-P models. Here we find
that, in most cases, the CYC lifetimes of previous F-P calculations are 5-30%
shorter than those from the present N-body simulations. The comparison of
projected number density profiles and stellar mass functions between N-body
simulations and HST/NICMOS observations by Figer et al. (1999) suggests that
the current tidal radius of the Arches cluster is ~1.0 pc, and the following
parameters for the initial conditions of that cluster: total mass of 2x10^4
Msun and mass function slope for intermediate-to-massive stars of 1.75 (the
Salpeter function has 2.35). We also find that the lower stellar mass limit,
the presence of primordial binaries, the amount of initial mass segregation,
and the choice of initial density profile (King or Plummer models) do not
significantly affect the dynamical evolution of CYCs.Comment: 20 pages including 6 figures, To appear in ApJ, Dec 20 issu
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