879 research outputs found
The challenge of detecting intracluster filaments with Faraday Rotation
The detection of filaments in the cosmic web will be crucial to distinguish
between the possible magnetogenesis scenarios and future large polarization
surveys will be able to shed light on their magnetization level. In this work,
we use numerical simulations of galaxy clusters to investigate their possible
detection. We compute the Faraday Rotation signal in intracluster filaments and
compare it to its surrounding environment. We find that the expected big
improvement in sensitivity with the SKA-MID will in principle allow the
detection of a large fraction of filaments surrounding galaxy clusters.
However, the contamination of the intrinsic Faraday Rotation of background
polarized sources will represent a big limiter to the number of objects that
can be significantly detected. We discuss possible strategies to minimize this
effect and increase the chances of detection of the cosmic web with the large
statistics expected from future surveys.Comment: 16 pages, accepted to Galaxie
Dynamical evolution of magnetic fields in the intracluster medium
We investigate the evolution of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters starting
from constant primordial fields using highly resolved ()
cosmological MHD simulations. The magnetic fields in our sample exhibit
amplification via a small-scale dynamo and compression during structure
formation. In particular, we study how the spectral properties of magnetic
fields are affected by mergers, and we relate the measured magnetic energy
spectra to the dynamical evolution of the intracluster medium. The magnetic
energy grows by a factor of 40-50 in a time-span of Gyr and
equipartition between kinetic and magnetic energy occurs on a range of scales
( at all epochs) depending on the turbulence state of the
system. We also find that, in general, the outer scale of the magnetic field
and the MHD scale are not simply correlated in time. The effect of major
mergers is to shift the peak magnetic spectra to it smaller scales, whereas the
magnetic amplification only starts after 1 Gyr. In contrast,
continuous minor mergers promote the steady growth of the magnetic field. We
discuss the implications of these findings in the interpretation of future
radio observations of galaxy clusters.Comment: Accepted in MNRAS; 16 pages, 34 figure
A Song of Shocks and Dynamo: Numerical Studies of a Galaxy Cluster Merger in the HIMAG Project
With ENZO simulations run on the J\"ulich supercomputers, we have
investigated the evolution of magnetic fields in the largest cosmic structures
(namely galaxy clusters and filaments connecting them) with unprecedented
dynamical range. These simulations revealed the full development of the
small-scale dynamo in Eulerian cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulations.
The turbulent motions developed during the formation of clusters are energetic
enough to foster the growth of magnetic fields by several orders of magnitude,
starting from weak magnetic fields up strengths of as
observed. Furthermore, shock waves are launched during cluster formation and
they are able to accelerate cosmic-ray electrons, that emit in the radio
wavelengths. Radio observations of this emission provide information on the
local magnetic field strength. We have incorporated, for the first time, the
cooling of cosmic-ray electrons when modelling this emission. In this
contribution, we present our advances in modelling these physical processes.
Here, we mostly focus on the most interesting object in our sample of galaxy
clusters, which shows the complexity of magnetic fields and the potential of
existing and future multi-wavelengths observations in the study of the weakly
collisional plasma on Megaparsecs scales.Comment: Invited contribution to the NIC proceedings 2020 for the John von
Neumann-Institut f\"ur Computing (NIC) Symposium 2020, updated Fig.
Polarisation of Radio Relics in Galaxy Clusters
Radio emission in the form of giant radio relics is observed at the periphery
of galaxy clusters. This non-thermal emission is an important tracer for
cosmic-ray electrons and intracluster magnetic fields. One striking
observational feature of these objects is their high degree of polarisation
which provides information on the magnetic fields at the relics' positions. In
this contribution, we test if state-of-the-art high resolution cosmological
simulations are able to reproduce the polarisation features of radio relics.
Therefore, we present a new analysis of high-resolution cosmological
simulations to study the polarisation properties of radio relics in detail. In
order to compare our results with current and future radio observations, we
create mock radio observations of the diffuse polarised emission from a massive
galaxy clusters using six different projections, for different observing
frequencies and for different telescopes. Our simulations suggest that, due to
the effect of Faraday rotation, it is extremely difficult to relate the
morphology of the polarised emission for observing frequencies below $1.4 \
\mathrm{GHz}$ to the real magnetic field structure in relics. We can reproduce
the observed degree of polarisation and also several small-scale structures
observed in real radio relics, but further work would be needed to reproduce
some large-scale spectacular features as observed in real radio relics, such as
the "Sausage" and the "Toothbrush" relics.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 20 pages, 13 figure
Inflationary and phase-transitional primordial magnetic fields in galaxy clusters
Primordial magnetic fields (PMFs) are possible candidates for explaining the
observed magnetic fields in galaxy clusters. Two competing scenarios of
primordial magnetogenesis have been discussed in the literature: inflationary
and phase-transitional. We study the amplification of both large- and
small-scale correlated magnetic fields, corresponding to inflation- and phase
transition-generated PMFs, in a massive galaxy cluster. We employ
high-resolution magnetohydrodynamic cosmological zoom-in simulations to resolve
the turbulent motions in the intracluster medium. We find that the turbulent
amplification is more efficient for the large-scale inflationary models, while
the phase transition-generated seed fields show moderate growth. The
differences between the models are imprinted on the spectral characteristics of
the field (such as the amplitude and the shape of the magnetic power spectrum)
and therefore on the final correlation length. We find a one order of magnitude
difference between the final strengths of the inflation- and phase
transition-generated magnetic fields, and a factor of 1.5 difference between
their final coherence scales. Thus, the final configuration of the magnetic
field retains information about the PMF generation scenarios. Our findings have
implications for future extragalactic Faraday rotation surveys with the
possibility of distinguishing between different magnetogenesis scenarios.Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures, comments welcom
Evolution of primordial magnetic fields during large-scale structure formation
Primordial magnetic fields could explain the large-scale magnetic fields
present in the Universe. Inflation and phase transitions in the early Universe
could give rise to such fields with unique characteristics. We investigate the
magneto-hydrodynamic evolution of these magnetogenesis scenarios with
cosmological simulations. We evolve inflation-generated magnetic fields either
as (i) uniform (homogeneous) or as (ii) scale-invariant stochastic fields, and
phase transition-generated ones either as (iii) helical or as (iv) non-helical
fields from the radiation-dominated epoch. We find that the final distribution
of magnetic fields in the simulated cosmic web shows a dependence on the
initial strength and the topology of the seed field. Thus, the observed field
configuration retains information on the initial conditions at the moment of
the field generation. If detected, primordial magnetic field observations would
open a new window for indirect probes of the early universe. The differences
between the competing models are revealed on the scale of galaxy clusters,
bridges, as well as filaments and voids. The distinctive spectral evolution of
different seed fields produces imprints on the correlation length today. We
discuss how the differences between rotation measures from highly ionized
regions can potentially be probed with forthcoming surveys.Comment: 26 pages, 17 figures, comments welcom
Assessment of the consequences of caregiving in psychosis: a psychometric comparison of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ)
Background: The Zarit Burden Interview ( ZBI) was originally developed to assess the level of subjective burden in caregivers of people with dementia. The Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire ( IEQ) is amongst the leading scales to assess caregiving consequences in severe mental illness. We aimed to compare the psychometric properties of the ZBI, a generic tool, and of the IEQ, a more specific tool to assess the consequences of caregiving in schizophrenia and related disorders.
Methods: Secondary analyses of a 16- week, randomized controlled trial of a psychoeducational intervention in 223 primary caregivers of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychometric properties ( internal consistency, convergent and discriminative validity, and sensitivity to change) were evaluated for both ZBI and IEQ.
Results: Internal consistency was good and similar for both scales ( ZBI: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.94; IEQ: 0.86, 95% CI: 0. 83, 0.89). Convergent validity was relevant for similar domains ( e. g. ZBI total score vs IEQ- tension r = 0.69, 95% CI: 0. 61, 0.75) and at least moderate for the rest of domains ( ZBI total score, personal strain and role strain vs IEQ- urging and supervision). Discriminative validity against psychological distress and depressive symptoms was good ( Area Under the Curve [ AUC]: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.83; and 0.69, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.78 - for ZBI against GHQ- 28 and CES- D respectively; and AUC: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.78; and 0.69, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.77 - for IEQ against GHQ- 28 and CES- D respectively). AUCs against the reference criteria did not differ significantly between the two scales. After the intervention, both scales showed a significant decrease at endpoint ( p- values < 0.001) with similar standardised effect sizes for change (- 0.36, 95% CI: - 0.58, - 0.15 - for ZBI; - 0.39, 95% CI: - 0.60, - 0.18 - for IEQ).
Conclusions: Both ZBI and IEQ have shown satisfactory psychometric properties to assess caregiver burden in this sample. We provided further evidence on the performance of the ZBI as a general measure of subjective burden.The study was entirely funded by a public research grant (FIS PI10/01049, Spain)
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Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm of the Pancreas is Not an Aggressive Entity
Objective: Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) of the pancreas have often been confused with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. We evaluated the clinicopathologic characteristics, prevalence of cancer, and prognosis of a large series of well-characterized MCNs in 2 tertiary centers. Methods: Analysis of 163 patients with resected MCNs, defined by the presence of ovarian stroma and lack of communication with the main pancreatic duct. Results: MCNs were seen mostly in women (95%) and in the distal pancreas (97%); 25% were incidentally discovered. Symptomatic patients typically had mild abdominal pain, but 9% presented with acute pancreatitis. One hundred eighteen patients (72%) had adenoma, 17 (10.5%) borderline tumors, 9 (5.5%) in situ carcinoma, and 19 (12%) invasive carcinoma. Patients with invasive carcinoma were significantly older than those with noninvasive neoplasms (55 vs. 44 years, P = 0.01). Findings associated with malignancy were presence of nodules (P = 0.0001) and diameter ≥60 mm (P = 0.0001). All neoplasms with cancer were either ≥40 mm in size or had nodules. There was no operative mortality and postoperative morbidity was 49%. Median follow-up was 57 months (range, 4 –233); only patients with invasive carcinoma had recurrence. The 5-year disease-specific survival for noninvasive MCNs was 100%, and for those with invasive cancer, 57%. Conclusions: This series, the largest with MCNs defined by ovarian stroma, shows a prevalence of cancer of only 17.5%. Patients with invasive carcinoma are older, suggesting progression from adenoma to carcinoma. Although resection should be considered for all cases, in low-risk MCNs (≤4 cm/no nodules), nonradical resections are appropriate
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