Post-secondary-school migration of young people to large regional centres as a factor of depopulation and disharmonious regional development in Poland

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the youth internal migrations are not, as is generally accepted, temporary, in order to obtain an education, but permanent in the final intention. Design/Methodology/Approach: The survey were carried in two different regions: one with a strong (large) regional center and the other with the weaker (smaller) center. In those region secondary education centers of various sizes were selected. There were conducted an auditorium survey among 2380 young people graduating from general secondary schools. The basis of the study was a survey containing several questions and determining five features related to background legal data. Findings: Education migrations "to study" become the beginning of the final emigration addressed to the metropolitan city as a large academic center. The research results also proved that the process of draining small regions centers by large regional centers leads to a deepening of differences in the development of regions, especially their capitals. Practical Implications: The results of analysis might be used in shaping an appropriate development policy. They may also indicate the need for more than proportional support for small regional capitals or - looking from a different perspective - to real processes of the territorial division of the country. Originality/Value: Research results can contribute to the construction of theoretical models regarding migration and local and regional developmentpeer-reviewe

Optical squeezing in temporal, polarization, and spatial domains

We present methods of transforming the standard quadrature amplitude squeezing of a continuous-wave light beam to its Stokes parameters and transverse spatial modes statistics. These two states of light are called polarization squeezing and spatial squeezing, respectively. We present experimental results of the quadrature amplitude, polarization and spatial squeezing obtained with a common experimental setup based on optical parametric amplifiers. The transformations from quadrature amplitude to polarization and spatial squeezing are achieved with only simple linear optics

Measurement of the cross-section ratio sigma_{psi(2S)}/sigma_{J/psi(1S)} in deep inelastic exclusive ep scattering at HERA

The exclusive deep inelastic electroproduction of $\psi(2S)$ and $J/\psi(1S)$ at an $ep$ centre-of-mass energy of 317 GeV has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA in the kinematic range $2 < Q^2 < 80$ GeV$^2$, $30 < W < 210$ GeV and $|t| < 1$ GeV$^2$, where $Q^2$ is the photon virtuality, $W$ is the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy and $t$ is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex. The data for $2 < Q^2 < 5$ GeV$^2$ were taken in the HERA I running period and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 114 pb$^{-1}$. The data for $5 < Q^2 < 80$ GeV$^2$ are from both HERA I and HERA II periods and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 468 pb$^{-1}$. The decay modes analysed were $\mu^+\mu^-$ and $J/\psi(1S) \,\pi^+\pi^-$ for the $\psi(2S)$ and $\mu^+\mu^-$ for the $J/\psi(1S)$. The cross-section ratio $\sigma_{\psi(2S)}/\sigma_{J/\psi(1S)}$ has been measured as a function of $Q^2, W$ and $t$. The results are compared to predictions of QCD-inspired models of exclusive vector-meson production.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figure

Measurement of neutral current e+/-p cross sections at high Bjorken x with the ZEUS detector

The neutral current e+/-p cross section has been measured up to values of Bjorken x of approximately 1 with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 187 inv. pb of e-p and 142 inv. pb of e+p collisions at sqrt(s) = 318GeV. Differential cross sections in x and Q2, the exchanged boson virtuality, are presented for Q2 geq 725GeV2. An improved reconstruction method and greatly increased amount of data allows a finer binning in the high-x region of the neutral current cross section and leads to a measurement with much improved precision compared to a similar earlier analysis. The measurements are compared to Standard Model expectations based on a variety of recent parton distribution functions.Comment: 39 pages, 9 figure

Earlier Physical Therapy Input is Associated with a Reduced Length of Hospital Stay and Reduced Care Needs on Discharge in Frail Older Inpatients: An Observational Study

$\textbf{Background and Purpose}$: Pressures on hospital bed occupancy in the English National Health Service (NHS) have focused attention on enhanced service delivery models and methods by which physical therapists might contribute to effective cost savings, while retaining a patient-centered approach. Earlier access to physical therapy may lead to better outcomes in frail older inpatients, but this has not been well studied in acute NHS hospitals. Our aim was to retrospectively study the associations between early physical therapy input and length of hospital stay (LOS), functional outcomes and care needs on discharge. $\textbf{Methods}$: This was a retrospective observational study in a large tertiary university NHS hospital in the United Kingdom. We analyzed all admission episodes of people admitted to the Department of Medicine for the Elderly wards over 3 months in 2016. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: those examined by a physical therapist within 24 hours of admission and those examined after 24 hours of admission. The outcome variables were: LOS (days), functional measures on discharge (Elderly Mobility Scale and walking speed over 6 meters), and the requirement of formal care on discharge. Characterization variables on admission were: age, gender, existence of a formal care package, pre-admission abode, the Clinical Frailty Scale, Charlson Comorbidity Index, the Emergency Department Modified Early Warning Score, C-reactive protein level on admission, and the 4-item version of the Abbreviated Mental Test. The association between the delay to physical therapy input and LOS before discharge home was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. $\textbf{Results and Discussion}$: There were 1022 hospital episodes over the study period. We excluded 19 who were discharged without being examined by a physical therapist. Of the remaining 1003, 584 (58.2%) were examined within 24 hours of admission (early assessment), and 419 (41.8%) after 24 hours of admission (late assessment). The median (interquartile range: IQR) LOS of the early assessment group was 6.7 (3.1–13.7) versus 10.0 (4.2-20.1) days in the late assessment group, P < 0.001. The early assessment group was less likely to require formal care on discharge: n=110 (20.3%) versus n=105 (27.0%), P = 0.016. No other statistically significant differences were seen between the 2 groups. In the unadjusted Cox proportional hazards model, the hazard ratio for early assessment compared to late assessment was 1.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.48, P < 0.001). Early assessment was associated with a 29% higher probability of discharge to usual residence within the first 21 days after admission, compared to late assessment. Adjustment for possible confounding variables increased the hazard ratio: 1.34 (1.16 – 1.55) P < 0.001. $\textbf{Conclusions}$: Early physical therapy input was associated with a shorter LOS and lower odds of needing care on discharge. This may be due to the beneficial effect of early physical therapy in preventing hospital-related deconditioning in frail older adults. However, causality cannot be inferred and further research is needed to investigate causal mechanisms

Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages

The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages, i.e., Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic, is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements. Here we address this question through ‘triangulating’ genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report new, wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including the most comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary presented to date, an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic and Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia, and the first collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional ‘Pastoralist Hypothesis’, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking significant progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence, we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture.Introduction Linguistics Archaeology Genetics Discussion: Triangulation Method