An open toolkit for tracking open science partnership implementation and impact.

Serious concerns about the way research is organized collectively are increasingly being raised. They include the escalating costs of research and lower research productivity, low public trust in researchers to report the truth, lack of diversity, poor community engagement, ethical concerns over research practices, and irreproducibility. Open science (OS) collaborations comprise of a set of practices including open access publication, open data sharing and the absence of restrictive intellectual property rights with which institutions, firms, governments and communities are experimenting in order to overcome these concerns. We gathered two groups of international representatives from a large variety of stakeholders to construct a toolkit to guide and facilitate data collection about OS and non-OS collaborations. Ultimately, the toolkit will be used to assess and study the impact of OS collaborations on research and innovation. The toolkit contains the following four elements: 1) an annual report form of quantitative data to be completed by OS partnership administrators; 2) a series of semi-structured interview guides of stakeholders; 3) a survey form of participants in OS collaborations; and 4) a set of other quantitative measures best collected by other organizations, such as research foundations and governmental or intergovernmental agencies. We opened our toolkit to community comment and input. We present the resulting toolkit for use by government and philanthropic grantors, institutions, researchers and community organizations with the aim of measuring the implementation and impact of OS partnership across these organizations. We invite these and other stakeholders to not only measure, but to share the resulting data so that social scientists and policy makers can analyse the data across projects

GA4GH: International policies and standards for data sharing across genomic research and healthcare.

The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) aims to accelerate biomedical advances by enabling the responsible sharing of clinical and genomic data through both harmonized data aggregation and federated approaches. The decreasing cost of genomic sequencing (along with other genome-wide molecular assays) and increasing evidence of its clinical utility will soon drive the generation of sequence data from tens of millions of humans, with increasing levels of diversity. In this perspective, we present the GA4GH strategies for addressing the major challenges of this data revolution. We describe the GA4GH organization, which is fueled by the development efforts of eight Work Streams and informed by the needs of 24 Driver Projects and other key stakeholders. We present the GA4GH suite of secure, interoperable technical standards and policy frameworks and review the current status of standards, their relevance to key domains of research and clinical care, and future plans of GA4GH. Broad international participation in building, adopting, and deploying GA4GH standards and frameworks will catalyze an unprecedented effort in data sharing that will be critical to advancing genomic medicine and ensuring that all populations can access its benefits

Assessing the effects of negative reinforcement on parent integrity when implementing time out

Parent training, utilizing the principles of applied behavior analysis to teach effective parenting skills, is a widely used intervention to decrease child behavior problems. The extent to which these interventions are successful in improving behavior, and the degree to which the effects are maintained, relies heavily on the behavior of the parent after the completion of the training. Research suggests that parents\u27 ability to use the skills taught during training diminishes over time. One variable suggested to contribute to parent nonadherence is negative reinforcement. To further investigate, the current study first taught parents correct implementation of a time out procedure, then through a series of practice sessions, manipulated role-player behavior in an attempt to directly observe and measure the effects of negative reinforcement on parent integrity. However, due to lack of responding and contact with the contingency, the effects of negative reinforcement could not be assessed. The investigation did corroborate previous evidence on the effectiveness of the parent-training model used to teach participants the time out protocol. Several areas of future research are presented for parent training and collecting in-home naturalistic observations to assess parent and child behavior

Assessing the effects of negative reinforcement on parent integrity when implementing time out

Parent training, utilizing the principles of applied behavior analysis to teach effective parenting skills, is a widely used intervention to decrease child behavior problems. The extent to which these interventions are successful in improving behavior, and the degree to which the effects are maintained, relies heavily on the behavior of the parent after the completion of the training. Research suggests that parents\u27 ability to use the skills taught during training diminishes over time. One variable suggested to contribute to parent nonadherence is negative reinforcement. To further investigate, the current study first taught parents correct implementation of a time out procedure, then through a series of practice sessions, manipulated role-player behavior in an attempt to directly observe and measure the effects of negative reinforcement on parent integrity. However, due to lack of responding and contact with the contingency, the effects of negative reinforcement could not be assessed. The investigation did corroborate previous evidence on the effectiveness of the parent-training model used to teach participants the time out protocol. Several areas of future research are presented for parent training and collecting in-home naturalistic observations to assess parent and child behavior