Battle of Vellinghausen: Lessons Learnt? A Study of the British army in the closing stages of the Seven Years War in Western Europe as studied through the Battle of Vellinghausen

This is a study of the British military actions in Western Germany during the Seven Years War, investigating the army’s ability in combat and analysing its improvements through the case study of the Battle of Vellinghausen. This will provide a more concentrated scope of the conflict centred on the Western theatre, rather than the general study upon the British army in America or the academic’s attraction with the Battle of Minden. With this in mind the research will be significant as it will open up discussions on how the British army fought in the European style during the mid-eighteenth century, as well as aiming to explore whether the British army learnt from its lessons early in the war to become an efficient fighting machine. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the actions of the British army during the Seven Years War in Western Germany, breaking the army down into its component parts to highlight how the army fought on a European battlefield. By addressing the campaigns during 1758-61, this gives me several key battles with which to analyse whether the army improved its performance. The mid-eighteenth century was a period of shifting tactics in the way European war was fought, with new tactics and doctrine altering warfare, such as the adoption of irregular forces, or the advancement in artillery science. This thesis will identify any changes that were absorbed and whether these improved the army. It is to be noted that Western Europe is important to study, as the historiography studied within the Seven Years War focuses on other theatres of the conflict, chiefly America and Frederick the Greats campaigns in Central Europe. This lack of interest by British historians could possibly be due to the fact that the army in Western Europe was not chiefly a British one; nor was the theatre considered particularly important by the British government or featured any monumental battles such as Leuthen, Kolin or Kunersdorf. These features could be contributing to the lack of academic study within this area, a situation I would like to address. Coupled with this is the fact that enough has already been written on the analyses of the political, social and economic areas of this period in the Age of Enlightenment. Thus I believe it is necessary to return to traditional military history, which has long been neglected, and bring to light the successful actions of the British Army in Western Europe back into study

The evolution of the Korean family

If the family is a fundamentally important factor in the economic, political, and social life of the nations of the West, much more i it in that of the nations of the Far East, China, Japan and Korea. Individualism as we know 1t in the West has had very little recognition there until very recent times. But every individual in all phases of\u27 life was very· closely geared into the unit of the family, and all his thought and actions were determined by his relation to that unit. In this conception, China had set the pattern through hoary centuries of time, which Korea, and finally Japan, copied and followed somewhat slavishly. The purpose of this thesis is to show something of the structure, customs, and manner of living of the family in Old Korea, and to note some of the changes that are being brought about in the family pattern and life of many of the people now living in the New Chosen

Overview of the CHIIR 2019 Workshop on Barriers to InteractiveIR Resources Re-use (BIIRRR 2019)

This paper presents an overview of the BIIRRR 2019 workshop at CHIIR 2019, which had the explicit aim of understanding and promoting re-use of resources for interactive IR experimentation

Crystal structure of the putative peptide-binding protein AppA from Clostridium difficile

Peptides play an important signalling role in Bacillus subtilis, where their uptake by one of two ABC-type oligopeptide transporters, Opp and App, is required for efficient sporulation. Homologues of these transporters in Clostridium difficile have been characterized, but their role, and hence that of peptides, in regulating sporulation in this organism is less clear. Here, the oligopeptide-binding receptor proteins for these transporters, CdAppA and CdOppA, have been purified and partially characterized, and the crystal structure of CdAppA has been determined in an open unliganded form. Peptide binding to either protein could not be observed in Thermofluor assays with a set of ten peptides of varying lengths and compositions. Re-examination of the protein sequences together with structure comparisons prompts the proposal that CdAppA is not a versatile peptide-binding protein but instead may bind a restricted set of peptides. Meanwhile, CdOppA is likely to be the receptor protein for a nickel-uptake system

Interferometric Parallax: A Method for Measurement of Astronomical Distances

We show that distances of objects at cosmological distances can be measured directly using interferometry. Our approach to interferometric parallax comes from analysis of 4-point amplitude and intensity correlations that can be generated from pairs of well-separated detectors. The baseline required to measure cosmological distances of Gigaparsec order are within the reach of the next generation of space-borne detectors. The semi-classical interpretation of intensity correlations uses a notion of a single photon taking two paths simultaneously. Semi-classically a single photon can simultaneously enter four detectors separated by an astronomical unit, developing correlations feasible to measure with current technology.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Peptide transport in Bacillus subtilis – structure and specificity in the extracellular solute binding proteins OppA and DppE

Peptide transporters play important nutritional and cell signalling roles in Bacillus subtilis, which are pronounced during stationary phase adaptations and development. Three high-affinity ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family transporters are involved in peptide uptake – the oligopeptide permease (Opp), another peptide permease (App) and a less well-characterized dipeptide permease (Dpp). Here we report crystal structures of the extracellular substrate binding proteins, OppA and DppE, which serve the Opp and Dpp systems, respectively. The structure of OppA was determined in complex with endogenous peptides, mod-elled as Ser-Asn-Ser-Ser, and with the sporulation-promoting peptide Ser-Arg-Asn-Val-Thr, which bind with Kd values of 0.4 and 2 µM, respectively, as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. Differential scanning fluorescence experiments with a wider panel of ligands showed that OppA has highest affinity for tetra-and penta-peptides. The structure of DppE revealed the unexpected presence of a murein tripeptide (MTP) ligand, l-Ala-d-Glu-meso-DAP, in the peptide binding groove. The mode of MTP binding in DppE is different to that observed in the murein peptide binding protein, MppA, from Escherichia coli, suggesting independent evolution of these proteins from an OppA-like precursor. The presence of MTP in DppE points to a role for Dpp in the uptake and recycling of cell wall peptides, a conclusion that is supported by analysis of the genomic context of dpp, which revealed adjacent genes encoding enzymes involved in muropeptide catabolism in a gene organization that is widely conserved in Firmicutes