Seismogenic faulting in the Meruoca granite, NE Brazil, consistent with a local weak fracture zone

A sequence of earthquakes occurred in 2008 in the Meruoca granitic pluton, located in the northwestern part of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. A seismological study defined the seismic activity occurring along the seismically-defined Riacho Fundo fault, a 081° striking, 8 km deep structure. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between this seismic activity and geological structures in the Meruoca granite. We carried out geological mapping in the epicentral area, analyzed the mineralogy of fault rocks, and compared the seismically-defined Riacho Fundo fault with geological data. We concluded that the seismically-defined fault coincides with ∼E–W-striking faults observed at outcrop scale and a swarm of Mesozoic basalt dikes. We propose that seismicity reactivated brittle structures in the Meruoca granite. Our study highlights the importance of geological mapping and mineralogical analysis in order to establish the relationships between geological structures and seismicity at a given area

Intraplate earthquake swarm in Belo Jardim, NE Brazil: reactivation of a major Neoproterozoic shear zone (Pernambuco Lineament)

Intraplate earthquakes in stable continental areas have been explained basically by reactivation of pre-existing zones of weakness, stress concentration, or both. Zones of weakness are usually identified as sites of the last major orogeny, provinces of recent alkaline intrusions, or stretched crust in ancient rifts. However, it is difficult to identify specific zones of weakness and intraplate fault zones are not always easily correlated with known geological features. Although Northeastern Brazil is one of the most seismically active areas in the country (magnitudes 5 roughly every 5 yr), with hypocentral depths shallower than similar to 10 km and seismic zones as long as 30-40 km, no clear relationship with the known surface geology can be usually established with confidence, and a clear identification of zones of weakness has not yet been possible. Here we present the first clear case of seismic activity occurring as reactivation of an old structure in Brazil: the Pernambuco Lineament, a major Neoproterozoic shear zone. The 2004 earthquake swarm of Belo Jardim (magnitudes up to 3.1) and the recurrent activities in the nearby towns of Sao Caetano and Caruaru (magnitudes up to 4.0 and 3.8), show that the Pernambuco Lineament is a weak zone. A local seismic network showed that the Belo Jardim swarm of 2004 November occurred by normal faulting on a North dipping, E-W oriented fault plane in close agreement with the E-W trending structures within the Pernambuco Lineament. The Belo Jardim activity was concentrated in a 1.5 km (E-W) by 2 km (downdip) fault area, and average depth of 4.5 km. The nearby Caruaru activity occurs as both strike-slip and normal faulting, also consistent with local structures of the Pernambuco Lineament. The focal mechanisms of Belo Jardim, Caruaru and S. Caetano, indicate E-W compressional and N-S extensional principal stresses. The NS extension of this stress field is larger than that predicted by numerical models such as those of Coblentz & Richardson and we propose that additional factors such as flexural stresses from the nearby Sergipe-Alagoas marginal basin could also affect the current stress field in the Pernambuco Lineament.FAPESP[03/12204-8]Marcelo Bianchi (USP

Modeling the heterogeneous hydraulic properties of faults using constraints from reservoir-induced seismicity

This research uses observations of reservoir-induced seismicity beneath Açu Reservoir, NE Brazil, to investigate the spatial distribution of permeability within the damage zone surrounding faults. The Açu dam is a 34 m high earth-filled dam constructed in 1983 on an area of Precambrian shield. Our previous work has shown that fluctuations in seismic activity are related to varying reservoir level via the diffusion of pore pressure within high-permeability faults embedded in a lower-permeability matrix. High-resolution monitoring of the seismic activity within individual faults, using a network of three-component digital seismographs, has revealed a complex spatial pattern of earthquake clustering and migration that suggests heterogeneous fault zone hydraulic properties are present. We first review the laboratory and field evidence for variations in hydraulic properties associated with (1) structural architecture of faults and (2) confining pressure. We then model flow through a heterogeneous two-dimensional (2-D) fault embedded in, and explicitly coupled to, a 3-D medium and include a power law decay in diffusivity with depth associated with crack closure. Diffusivity of the fault is represented by a spatially correlated random field. We vary both the correlation length and variance of the diffusivity field and calculate the time lag between the maximum reservoir level and the maximum piezometric head in the depth range of observed seismic activity. By assuming that individual earthquake ruptures occur when the local piezometric head is at a maximum, we are able to infer the correlation length and variance that best explain the spatiotemporal pattern of the activity within each seismic cluster. The spatial and temporal evolution of seismicity within clusters is only found to be consistent with a causal mechanism of pore pressure diffusion when significant spatial structure is present in the heterogeneous fault hydraulic properties

SBGF2013

<p>Monitoring the evolution of an intraplate setting using coda wave interferometry of a sequence of micro-seismic events.</p

Uppermost Mantle Velocity beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Transform Faults in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Seismic rays traveling just below the Moho provide insights into the thermal and compositional properties of the upper mantle and can be detected as Pn phases from regional earthquakes. Such phases are routinely identified in the continents, but in the oceans, detection of Pn phases is limited by a lack of long-term instrument deployments. We present estimates of upper-mantle velocity in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean from Pn arrivals beneath, and flanking, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and across several transform faults. We analyzed waveforms from 50 earthquakes with magnitude Mw>3.5, recorded over 12 months in 2012–2013 by five autonomous hydrophones and a broadband seismograph located on the St. Peter and St. Paul archipelago. The resulting catalog of 152 ray paths allows us to resolve spatial variations in upper-mantle velocities, which are consistent with estimates from nearby wide-angle seismic experiments. We find relatively high velocities near the St. Paul transform system (∼8.4  km s−1), compared with lower ridge-parallel velocities (∼7.7  km s−1). Hence, this method is able to resolve ridge-transform scale velocity variations. Ray paths in the lithosphere younger than 10 Ma have mean velocities of 7.9±0.5  km s−1, which is slightly lower than those sampled in the lithosphere older than 20 Ma (8.1  km±0.3  s−1). There is no apparent systematic relationship between velocity and ray azimuth, which could be due to a thickened lithosphere or complex mantle upwelling, although uncertainties in our velocity estimates may obscure such patterns. We also do not find any correlation between Pn velocity and shear-wave speeds from the global SL2013sv model at depths <150  km. Our results demonstrate that data from long-term deployments of autonomous hydrophones can be used to obtain rare and insightful estimates of uppermost mantle velocities over hundreds of kilometers in otherwise inaccessible parts of the deep oceans

Testing the influence of far-field topographic forcing on subduction\ud initiation at a passive margin

Despite favourable gravitational instability and ridge-push, elastic and frictional forces prevent subduction initiation fromarising spontaneously at passive margins. Here,we argue that forces arising fromlarge continental topographic gradients are required to initiate subduction at passivemargins. In order to test this hypothesis,we use 2Dnumerical\ud models to assess the influence of the Andean Plateau on stressmagnitudes and deformation patterns at the Brazilian passive margin. The numerical results indicate that “plateau-push” in this region is a necessary additional force to initiate subduction. As the SE Brazilianmargin currently shows no signs of self-sustained subduction, we examined\ud geological and geophysical data to determine if themargin is in the preliminary stages of subduction initiation. The compiled data indicate that the margin is presently undergoing tectonic inversion, which we infer as part of the continental–oceanic overthrusting stage of subduction initiation. We refer to this early subduction stage as the “Brazilian Stage”, which is characterized by N10 kmdeep reverse fault seismicity at themargin, recent topographic uplift on the continental side, thick continental crust at themargin, and bulging on the oceanic side due to loading by the overthrusting continent. The combined results of the numerical simulations and passivemargin analysis indicate that the SE Brazilian margin is a prototype candidate for subduction initiation.ETH Research Grant TH-12/05-3SNF Research Grant 200021-113672/1CNP

Numerical modelling of pore-pressure diffusion in a reservoir-induced seismicity site in northeast Brazil

A 3-D fluid-flow model is used to investigate pore-pressure diffusion as a mechanism for reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS) at the Açu reservoir in NE Brazil. The Açu dam is a 34-m high earth-filled dam constructed in 1983 on an area of Precambrian shield. Seismic activity in this area has been monitored over a 10-yr period (1987-1997). The frequency of earthquakes clearly varies with seasonal fluctuations of the reservoir level. Information on the hydrological regime of the Açu reservoir (rainfall, vegetation, surface and subsurface storage, etc.) is used to set up a regional groundwater-flow model in order to obtain boundary conditions for a more detailed study of the area of seismic activity. To explain the observed time lag between maximum reservoir level and peak seismic activity we calculate the magnitude and timing of the maximum piezometric head in the depth range of observed seismic activity. By assuming that individual earthquake ruptures occur when the local piezometric head is at a maximum, values of bulk permeability, K, and storativity, S, are derived. If a 3-D homogenous subsurface permeability structure is assumed then the values of K and S obtained are not self-consistent and are physically unrealistic. However, if a high-permeability fault is embedded into, and explicitly coupled with, the surrounding lower-permeability matrix, then our estimates of subsurface hydraulic properties agree well with other field and laboratory measurements. The inclusion of a discrete fault plane in the model is consistent with the results of high-resolution seismic monitoring using a local digital network of stations, which show that the earthquake hypocentres define a set of steeply dipping NE-striking fault planes beneath the reservoir