Uji Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Ethanol 70 % Herba Ceplukan (Physalis Angulata Linn.) Terhadap Sel WiDr Secara in Vitro

Herba ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn) merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang digunakanmasyarakat untuk pengobatan tradisional sebagai antikanker. Pada penelitian sebelumnya hasilpengujian ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) terhadap Artemia salinaLeach (larva udang) dengan metode Brine Shirmp Lethality Test (BSLT) diketahui memiliki sifattoksik dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 39,63 μg/ml. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuanmengetahui efek sitotoksisitas ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan dengan menentukan kadaryang menyebabkan 50% sel mati (LC50) terhadap sel kanker usus WiDr secara in vitro. Herbaceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn) diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi dengan penyari ethanol 70%.Sel kanker usus WiDr diperlakukan dengan ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan dengan seri kadaryaitu 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.125 dan 7.81 μg/ml selama 24 jam. Sebagai kontrolpositif digunakan doksorubisin dengan seri kadar sebagai berikut: 2; 1; 0.5; 0.25; 0.12; 0.06; 0.03dan 0 .01 μg/ml. Uji sitotoksisitas dilakukan dengan menginkubasi sel kanker usus WiDr dengankepadatan akhir sel 2.104 sel / ml persumuran plat kultur. Uji sitotosisitas ini menggunakanmetode perhitungan langsung dengan bantuan alat haemocytometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) mempunyai sitotoksisitassebesar 86,84 ìg/ml terhadap sel kanker usus WiDr yang di atas nilai indikator positif sebagaibahan bersifat sitotoksik yaitu sebesar > 30 ìg/ml. Nilai tersebut juga sangat lebih tinggi biladibandingkan dengan nilai LC50 doksorubisin sebagai pembanding sebesar 0,113 μg/ml

PROTOPLAST FUSION BETWEEN WHITE AND BROWN OYSTER MUSHROOMS

Genetic crossing of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus floridae) to introduce longer storage life trait can only be done within individuals in this particular species. However, longer storage life trait is possessed by brown oyster mushroom (Pleurotus cystidiosus). Therefore, a protoplast fusion experiment between white and brown oyster mushrooms was conducted to obtain an oyster mushroom strain showing high productivity and long storage life. The experiment was done at the biology laboratory of the University of Al Azhar Indonesia from May 2008 to August 2009. Protoplast fusion was done by isolating protoplast from 5-day old monokaryotic mycelia grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB). Around 3.15 x 105 protoplasts ml-1 were harvested using mixture of cellulase Onozuka R-10 (1%) and macerozyme R-10 (1%) from brown oyster mushroom with 80.61% viability. Similarly, 3.71 x 105 protoplasts ml-1 were harvested using lysing enzyme (2%) from white oyster mushroom with 83.68% viability. Protoplast fusions were conducted using 40% PEG6000 for 10 minutes. The candidate fusants were then screened using minimum regeneration media (MRM). There were 22 colonies grew on MRM media and four colonies (FS1, FS2, FS3, and FS4) showed clamp connection as well as primordia formation to be chosen as candidate fusants. However, isozyme studies using malate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase as marker enzymes confirmed that only FS1 and FS2 were the hybridized products. The two colonies showed different mycelia growth patterns and hyphae sizes, fruit body morphology and productivity compared to their parents. These two fusants, however, did not indicate the presence of longer storage life trait as expected despite a higher productivity achieved by FS1. In this study, the protoplast fusion only yielded higher productivity strain of mushroom with different colors without any changes in storage life

Alternative Oxidase (AtAox) c78s Mutant Expression at Escherichia coli (SASX41DB)

Alternative oxidase (AOX) is the terminal oxidase operating in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The enzyme is activated by organic acid such as pyruvate and by reduction process. Based on sequences alignment of alternative oxidase gene (Aox) found in several organisms, there are 2 conserved cysteine residues. In order to investigate the importance of those cysteine residues on the activity of AOX, mutation at cysteine residue number 78 of Aox gene isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtAox) was conducted. Cysteine at position number 78 was changed into serine and the c78s mutant was expressed in Escherichia coli strain SASX41DB. This particular E. coli strain is unable to grow aerobically unless transformed with Arabidopsis Aox gene (AtAox). Expression studies on c78s mutant showed that this mutant cannot be oxididized and can not be activated by pyruvic acid. This mutant is acivated by succinate instead of pyruvate. Mutation at cysteine closer to the N residue is affecting both organic acid and redox activation. Therefore, it is concluded that cysteine residue closer to the N residue is the site for both activation by pyruvate as well as activation by reduction process. Keywords : Alternative oxidase, site-directed mutation, SASx41DB, cysteine residue

Students’ and Teachers’ Perspectives on EFL Textbook For Senior High School Students

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an English textbook “Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMK/MAK Kelas X” from the perspectives of students and teachers. The textbook was prepared by the Indonesian Ministry of National Education for the 10th-grade students and used by some teachers during the 2018-2019 academic year. The evaluation of the concern for the textbook is carried out at the macro level based on eleven parameters. Data was obtained through student questionnaires administered to 94 students and through interviews with four teachers. The data were analyzed and grouped according to 11 criteria used in this study for the evaluation of the particular textbook. The results revealed that both teachers and students felt negative about some of the characteristics of the textbook. It was found that the reading passages needed to be simplified in terms of vocabulary load and that the grammar needed to be presented in detail. The majority of students indicated that the level of the textbook was not appropriate for the particular age group. The teachers pointed out that the tasks and activities were not organized from easy to difficult stages. Also, the listening activities were not supported by audio recordings that should have been included in the textbook. Moreover, the students expected the book to include multiple-choice exercises. It implies that some aspects of the textbook need to be revised, and the audio recordings must be included to support the listening activities. On the other hand, one of the strengths of the textbook was that the activities in the textbook involved opportunities that encourage students’ creativity, interest, and curiosity.Keywords: EFL textbook, textbook evaluation, macro evaluatio

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES LEAVES EXTRACTS OF CERBERA MANGHAS AND LEAVES EXTRACTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA AGAINST KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE

Objective: This study aims to determine the potential of neem (Azadirachta indica, Juss) leaves and sea mango (Cerbera manghas, Linn.) leaves against Klebsiella pneumonia. Methods: Hexane and methanol extracts of neem leaves (A. indica, Juss) and hexane and butanol extracts of sea mango leaves (C. manghas, Linn.) were tested antibacterial against K. pneumonia using paper disc and dilution methods, measured the inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), as a comparison used ampicillin.Results: The MIC values for the butanol extract and hexane extract of sea mango leaves against K. pneumoniae were 1.124276 and 1.45958 mg/mL, respectively. While the MBC value of both of them had the same value, i.e. 2 mg/ml. The hexane and methanol extracts of neem leaves did not have potentially against the growth of K. pneumonia. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study have been obtained, that extracts butanol and hexane extract of leaves of sea mango (C. manghas, Linn.) have antibacterial activity strong enough against K. pneumonia, where, extracts butanol leaves of sea mango has antibacterial activity that is more powerful than the extract hexane leaf sea mango, while the methanol extract and hexane extracts of neem (A. indica, Juss) leaves have weak activity against K. pneumonia

Perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia di Zaman Alih Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (IPTEK), Serta Budaya

This study is a description of the current state of the Indonesian language in an era of transfer of science, technology, and culture. In the process of growing, the language is showing a number of effects in its development as well as in people’s attitude towards the language, which, in turn equally affects the language growth. The availability of sophisticated products of science and technology enables people, even in the most remote places, to gain access to the latest information and data in the shortest possible time. The above situation prompts the writer to attempt to demonstrate consequences in the development of the language as well as people’s attitude in its daily use

Pemakaian Sel Hela dalam Uji Sitotoksisitas Fraksi Ethanol Biji Mimba (Azadirachta indica)

Traditionally, the neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds have been used as bioinsecticide. It was also used and known for long time as a fungicide and anti bacterial agents. Pre-toxicity experiment using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method indicated that the ethanol fraction of the neem seeds was toxic to the shrimp larvae with LC50 38.79 μg/ml. This experiment was done to further investigate the possible role of ethanol fraction of neem (A. indica) seeds as an anti cancer agent using HeLa cell lines. Experiment was initiated by extracting the seeds using n-hexane by maceration. The macerate was then macerated further using 70% ethanol as solvent. The ethanol fraction was used in cytotoxicity assay using (cervix cancer) HeLa cell lines. Cytotoxicity assay was done by using direct counting method. The amount of living cells were observed and counted, death percentage was determined and probit analysis used to determine the LC50 value. LC50 value for ethanol fraction from the seeds of neem (A. indica) was 10.95 μg/ml for 24 hours; 7.33 μg/ml for 48 hours and 4.37 μg/ml for 72 hours based on cytotoxicity analysis using HeLa cells. This experiment concluded that the neem (A. indica) seeds have cytotoxicity toward HeLa cell lines which confirmed the previous toxicity experiment using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Overall, this experiment indicated that neem (A. indica) seeds have anticancer activity