Effect of Temporal and Spatial Variations in Soil Moisture on Grapevine Physiology, Productivity and Quality

The response of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) to water stress can be exploited by growers to achieve quality and production goals. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategically applies controlled water stress during specific growth stages, leading to reduced vine vigor, smaller berries, and increased fruit sun exposure. While RDI benefits red wine production, it may pose challenges for white wine grape cultivars. Water-stressed vines not only yield smaller berries, but greater sun exposure and reduced transpiration result in higher berry temperatures, which impact acid metabolism and overall fruit quality. In contrast, partial rootzone drying (PRD) introduces spatial water deficit by generating wet and dry sections in the soil. PRD could potentially minimize the adverse effects of regulated deficit irrigation on white wine grape production while conserving irrigation water. This study was conducted over three years in a V. vinifera cv. Riesling vineyard in arid southeastern Washington to examine the impact of PRD and RDI on irrigation water use, canopy size, fruit sun exposure, yield, yield components, fruit characteristics, and wine composition. The results were compared to a no-stress control. Preveraison water deficit, whether through RDI or PRD, reduced yield and altered fruit sun exposure through canopy size reduction. While PRD conserved less irrigation water than RDI, it maintained a canopy size similar to the control, limiting fruit sun exposure. Even small differences in preveraison plant water status resulted in notable differences in the profiles of phenolic and volatile compounds in the wines. These results highlight the impact of irrigation strategies in shaping wine styles in the vineyard through temporal and spatial manipulation of soil water availability. Framed within the field irrigation trial, the effect of irrigation on soil temperature at 30 cm depth was assessed by simultaneously tracking the changes in soil moisture and soil temperature during several irrigation events. The application of irrigation water decreased soil temperature. Variances in soil moisture before and after each irrigation event were correlated with differences in soil temperature. In supplemental growth chamber experiments, soil moisture and soil temperature were manipulated in potted V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon vines to assess the effect of these factors on gas exchange, water status, and hydraulic conductance. Lower soil moisture and cooler rootzone temperatures resulted in reduced leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, and whole-plant hydraulic conductance. Since membrane water channels termed aquaporins are crucial in controlling water permeability and can adjust hydraulic conductance in response to various stresses, we collected fine root samples and analyzed the relative expression of four aquaporin genes using RT-qPCR. Cooler rootzone temperatures decreased root aquaporin gene expression and whole-plant hydraulic conductance. While the leaf-level responses (leaf water potential, gas exchange) were dominated by the influence of soil moisture, aquaporin gene expression in the roots was dominated by the effects of soil temperature. The results demonstrate that soil temperature plays a significant role in influencing vine physiology. Irrigation practices, such as regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying, are widely used and can impact vine physiology beyond the expected effects on changes in soil water content

North Atlantic subpolar gyre along predetermined ship tracks since 1993: a monthly data set of surface temperature, salinity, and density

We present a binned product of sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and sea surface density data in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre from 1993 to 2017 that resolves seasonal variability along specific ship routes (https://doi.org/10.6096/SSS-BIN-NASG). The characteristics of this product are described and validated through comparisons to other monthly products. Data presented in this work were collected in regions crossed by two predetermined ship transects, between Denmark and western Greenland (AX01) and between Iceland, Newfoundland, and the northeastern USA (AX02). The data were binned along a selected usable transect. The analysis and the strong correlation between successive seasons indicate that in large parts of the subpolar gyre, the binning approach is robust and resolves the seasonal timescales, in particular after 1997 and in regions away from the continental shelf. Prior to 2002, there was no winter sampling over the West Greenland Shelf. Variability in sea surface salinity increases towards Newfoundland south of 54°&thinsp;N, as well as in the western Iceland Basin along 59°&thinsp;N. Variability in sea surface temperature presents less spatial structure with an increase westward and towards Newfoundland. The contribution of temperature variability to density dominates in the eastern part of the gyre, whereas the contribution of salinity variability dominates in the southwestern part along AX02.</p

Le Lambi (Strombus gigas) en Guadeloupe (bilan de la situation et évolutions)

Le Lambi est une denrée précieuse en Guadeloupe, économiquement et culturellement. Cette étude a permis de préciser d une part l état des stocks de Lambi en Guadeloupe, mais également l évolution de la pêche au Lambi et des menaces pesant sur ces stocks. La pêche illégale reste le problème principal, mais aucune mesure efficace ne semble envisagée.TOULOUSE-EN Vétérinaire (315552301) / SudocNANTES-Ecole Nat.Vétérinaire (441092302) / SudocSudocFranceF

SSS from French Research Vessels: Inventory of thermo-salinometer delayed mode data – 2015 update

The continuous data acquisition of thermo-salinometer data on board French Research Vessels was initiated in 1999. We present here the inventory of the 2015 update of the delayed mode processing.L'acquisition en continu des mesures de thermo-salinomètres à bord des navires de recherche français a été initiée en 1999. Ce rapport présente l'inventaire correspondant à la mise à jour 2015 du jeu de données temps différé

SSS from French Research Vessels: Inventory of thermo-salinometer delayed mode data - 2014

The continuous data acquisition of thermo-salinometer data on board French Research Vessels was initiated in 1999. We present here the results of the delayed mode processing of the dataset collected by 5 high sea the Research vessels from 2001 to 2013.L'acquisition en continu des mesures de thermo-salinomètres à bord des navires de recherche français a été initiée en 1999. Ce rapport présente les résultats du traitement temps différé des données collectées par les 5 navires hauturiers entre 2001 et 2013

Ground-Based Thermal Imaging for Assessing Crop Water Status in Grapevines over a Growing Season

The quality of wine grapes in dry climates greatly depends on utilizing optimal amounts of irrigation water during the growing season. Robust and accurate techniques are essential for assessing crop water status in grapevines so that both over-irrigation and excessive water deficits can be avoided. This study proposes a robust strategy to assess crop water status in grapevines. Experiments were performed on Riesling grapevines (Vitis vinfera L.) planted in rows oriented north–south and subjected to three irrigation regimes in a vineyard maintained at an experimental farm in southeastern Washington, USA. Thermal and red–green–blue (RGB) images were acquired during the growing season, using a thermal imaging sensor and digital camera installed on a ground-based platform such that both cameras were oriented orthogonally to the crop canopy. A custom-developed algorithm was created to automatically derive canopy temperature (Tc) and calculate crop water stress index (CWSI) from the acquired thermal-RGB images. The relationship between leaf water potential (Ψleaf) and CWSI was investigated. The results revealed that the proposed algorithm combining thermal and RGB images to determine CWSI can be used for assessing crop water status of grapevines. There was a correlation between CWSI and Ψleaf with an R-squared value of 0.67 for the measurements in the growing season. It was also found that CWSI from the shaded (east) side of the canopy achieved a better correlation with Ψleaf compared to that from the sunlit (west) side around solar noon. The created algorithm allowed real-time assessment of crop water status in commercial vineyards and may be used in decision support systems for grapevine irrigation management

Ground-Based Thermal Imaging for Assessing Crop Water Status in Grapevines over a Growing Season

The quality of wine grapes in dry climates greatly depends on utilizing optimal amounts of irrigation water during the growing season. Robust and accurate techniques are essential for assessing crop water status in grapevines so that both over-irrigation and excessive water deficits can be avoided. This study proposes a robust strategy to assess crop water status in grapevines. Experiments were performed on Riesling grapevines (Vitis vinfera L.) planted in rows oriented north&ndash;south and subjected to three irrigation regimes in a vineyard maintained at an experimental farm in southeastern Washington, USA. Thermal and red&ndash;green&ndash;blue (RGB) images were acquired during the growing season, using a thermal imaging sensor and digital camera installed on a ground-based platform such that both cameras were oriented orthogonally to the crop canopy. A custom-developed algorithm was created to automatically derive canopy temperature (Tc) and calculate crop water stress index (CWSI) from the acquired thermal-RGB images. The relationship between leaf water potential (&Psi;leaf) and CWSI was investigated. The results revealed that the proposed algorithm combining thermal and RGB images to determine CWSI can be used for assessing crop water status of grapevines. There was a correlation between CWSI and &Psi;leaf with an R-squared value of 0.67 for the measurements in the growing season. It was also found that CWSI from the shaded (east) side of the canopy achieved a better correlation with &Psi;leaf compared to that from the sunlit (west) side around solar noon. The created algorithm allowed real-time assessment of crop water status in commercial vineyards and may be used in decision support systems for grapevine irrigation management

La Santé publique et le nucléaire

Lebullenger Joël, Diverres Arnaud, Freytos Hélène, Garnier Christophe, Kermorgant Gaëlle, Leberre Stéphanie, Mancel Carole, Mauguet Nadine, Pasquini Annalisa. La Santé publique et le nucléaire. In: Revue juridique de l'Ouest, N° Spécial 1996. La santé. pp. 187-209

Surface Salinity in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre During the STRASSE/SPURS Summer 2012 Cruise

International audienc