The Use of Buprenorphine in the treatment of Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)

Per the CDC, there were 91,799 drug overdose deaths, of which 75% of these deaths involved an opioid in 2020. Furthermore, the rate of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids (excluding methadone) increased 56% from 2019 to 2020. Synthetic opioids like fentanyl and its derivatives are easily producible, very inexpensive, and have extremely high potency. To effectively reduce use of illicit opioids, the underlying addiction disorder must be recognized first to adequately treat the disease. Treatment for opioid addiction is critical due to the high risk of mortality and significant disruption to daily functioning. Medication-assisted treatment couples medication use with counseling/therapy, is the most effective treatment for OUD and is considered first-line. Methadone has long been the medication of choice; however, buprenorphine became an alternative treatment option offering more flexible dosing schedules in the early 21st century

Committee on air pollution effects research: 40 years of UK air pollution

The UK Committee on Air Pollution Effects Research (CAPER) was established 40 years ago. This special section was compiled to mark this anniversary. During this time there have been dramatic changes in the composition of the air over the UK. The four papers in this special section of Environmental Pollution represent the current air pollution effects research focus on ozone and nitrogen deposition, two related issues and are proving from a policy perspective to be quite intractable issues. The UK CAPER research community continues to advance the underpinning science and engages closely with the user community in government departments

Hydrological controls on denitrification in riparian ecosystems

International audienceNitrous oxide fluxes and denitrification rates were measured in situ over a year at a riparian site in the UK. An exponential relationship was found between denitrification rates and soil moisture, with a sharp increase in denitrification rate at a water-filled pore space of 60?80%. Similar relationships were found in other studies compiled for comparison. The present study is unique in measuring denitrification in an "intact" ecosystem in the field, rather than in cores in the field or the lab. The exponential relationship between denitrification rate and soil moisture, with a "threshold" at 60?80% water-filled pore space (20?40% gravimetric moisture), has proven to be comparable across a wide range of ecosystems, treatments and study conditions. Whereas moisture content determines the potential for denitrification, the absolute rate of denitrification is determined by available nitrate (NO3-), dissolved organic carbon and temperature. As a first approximation, denitrification rates can be simply modelled by using a general exponential relationship between denitrification potential and water-filled pore space (or volumetric/gravimetric water content) multiplied by a constant value determined by the nitrogen status of the site. As such, it is recommended that the current relationship used in INCA to relate denitrification to soil moisture be amended to an exponential form, with a threshold of approximately 70% for the onset of denitrification. Keywords: nitrous oxide, denitrification, soil moisture, nitrogen, eutrophication, riparia

The ability of contrasting ericaceous ecosystems to buffer nitrogen leaching

Much attention has been given to the carbon balance of peatland and heathland ecosystems and their role as global carbon stores. They are also important as buffers for atmospheric nitrogen (N) pollution, locking N into the soil and vegetation through tight nutrient cycling and preventing the leaching of soluble N into freshwater ecosystems. We compared mean annual soil exchangeable N, mineralisation and soil solution nitrogen at three contrasting ericaceous-dominated ecosystems: a lowland heath, an upland heath and an ombrotrophic raised bog at intermediate altitude, all of which were sites of long-term N-manipulation experiments. We expected that soil leachate N would be associated with soil C/N and total soil C, and that sites with higher C % and soil C/N would have greater ability to buffer N deposition before N saturation and leaching began. However, although soil solution N responded to N deposition at all the sites, we found that only the heathland sites were consistent with this expectation. The bog, with the highest C/N and largest C pool, was not the most strongly buffered. The upland heath was most effective at retaining N (extractable NH4+-N +3900 % from control) compared to the lowland heath (extractable NH4+-N +370 % from control) and the bog (extractable NH4+-N, +140–240 % from control). We concluded that the absence of a definable Calluna litter layer at the lowland heath and the bog, and the anoxic conditions at the bog, explained the earlier onset of leaching and that carbon and nitrogen cycles appeared more closely coupled in the heathlands but became decoupled at the bog due to the strong controlling effect of hydrology

Nitrous oxide emission from a range of land uses across Europe

International audienceThe results of a literature study examining quantitative estimates of N2O emission rates are presented for a range of land-uses across Europe. The analysis shows that the highest N2O emission rates are for agricultural lands compared to forests and grasslands. The main factors regulating these rates are available mineral nitrogen, soil temperature, soil water content and the available labile organic compounds. These controls operate across different time-scales, all must exceed a certain threshold for N2O emission to occur. The results support the need for an emission factor function of land-use and climate within models describing nitrogen dynamics in catchments. This would allow the assessment of the net N2O emission within catchments in terms of current levels and potential changes associated with climate variability, climate change and land use change. Keywords: nitrous oxide, soil water content, inorganic N, soil temperature, ecosystems, land-use management, soil typ

PERILAKU BULLYING DITINJAU DARI STUDI KITAB MUSNAD AHMAD BIN HANBAL

Bullying adalah perbuatan yang agresif yang menyakiti seseorang serta membuat seseorang itu menderita. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas dan kehujjahan sanad dan matan hadis, untuk memahami pemaknaan hadis tentang perilaku bullying dan untuk mengetahui dampak dan solusi perilaku bullying. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis metode kualitatif yang bersumber dari kepustakaan (library research) dan pengumpulan data di peroleh dengan penelitian dari sumber kitab Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal dan dibantu dengan kitab-kitab ilmu hadis yang lainnya. Kemudian hasil dari penelitian tersebut dapat dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode takhrij, i’tibar, kritik sanad dan matan. Hasil dari penelitian dalam kitab musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal berkualitas sahih lidzatihi. Sedangkan dalam matan hadis berkualitas shahih karena tidak bertentangan dengan al-Qur’an, hadis setema maupun hadis yang lebih shahih. Dengan demikian hadis ini dapat digunakan sebagai hujjah. Berdasarkan dari beberapa penelitian bahwa faktor yang menimbulkan perilaku bullying, diantaranya: faktor keluarga, faktor sekolah, faktor teman sebaya, faktor media massa. Dari faktor-faktor tersebut dapat menimbulkan beberapa dampak yang terjadi dari perilaku bullying, korban bullying maupun dari pihak yang bersangkutan dalam perilaku tersebut, seperti depresi, menyendiri dan lain sebaginya. Dalam al-Qur’an sudah dijelaskan beberapa solusi untuk seorang yang depresi untuk mengembalikan kepercayaan diri terhadap korban atau pelaku bullying. Akhirnya Penulis merekomendasikan kepada masyarakat agar menyadari bahwa permasalahan yang dianggap sebagai permasalahan yang biasa itu merupakan permasalahan yang penting. Pada dasarnya problematika ini merupakan fenomena yang klasik. Akan tetapi semakin berkembangnya kondisi sosial masyarakat semakin berkembang juga permasalahan tentang bullying. Oleh karena itu, sangatlah menarik apabila dilakukan penelitian mengenai hadis-hadis bullying dan menerapkan sesuai dengan hadis Nabi SAW

Temporal variations in the stable carbon isotopic composition of methane emitted from Minnesota peatlands

The stable carbon isotopic composition of methane (δ13C) emitted from two peatland sites in the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota was investigated during the snow‐free season of 1989–1990. A seasonal range in δ13C values of 13‰ was seen for a forested bog with heavier (13C enriched) methane emitted during the wanner summer months. This shift was correlated with water table level suggesting control by microbial oxidation. Methane from a nearby poor fen transitional to bog dominated by Carex oligosperma showed a similar temporal trend but with a much smaller range of 5‰ during the same time period and with no water table level correlation. The methane emitted from the fen was consistently heavier than that emitted by the bog

High Resolution PV Power Modeling for Distribution Circuit Analysis

NREL has contracted with Clean Power Research to provide 1-minute simulation datasets of PV systems located at three high penetration distribution feeders in the service territory of Southern California Edison (SCE): Porterville, Palmdale, and Fontana, California. The resulting PV simulations will be used to separately model the electrical circuits to determine the impacts of PV on circuit operations

Mapping portuguese Natura 2000 sites in risk of biodiversity change caused by atmospheric nitrogen pollution

In this paper, we assess and map the risk that atmospheric nitrogen (atN) pollution poses to biodiversity in Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal. We first review the ecological impacts of atN pollution on terrestrial ecosystems, focusing on the biodiversity of Natura 2000 sites. These nature protection sites, especially those located within the Mediterranean Basin, are under-characterized regarding the risk posed by atN pollution. We focus on ammonia (NH ) because this N form is mostly associated with agriculture, which co-occurs at or in the immediate vicinity of most areas of conservation interest in Portugal. We produce a risk map integrating NH emissions and the susceptibility of Natura 2000 sites to atN pollution, ranking habitat sensitivity to atN pollution using expert knowledge from a panel of Portuguese ecological and habitat experts. Peats, mires, bogs, and similar acidic and oligotrophic habitats within Natura 2000 sites (most located in the northern mountains) were assessed to have the highest relative risk of biodiversity change due to atN pollution, whereas Natura 2000 sites in the Atlantic and Mediterranean climate zone (coastal, tidal, and scrubland habitats) were deemed the least sensitive. Overall, results allowed us to rank all Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal in order of evaluated risk posed by atN pollution. The approach is of great relevance for stakeholders in different countries to help prioritize site protection and to define research priorities. This is especially relevant in countries with a lack of expertise to assess the impacts of nitrogen on biodiversity and can represent an important step up from current knowledge in such countriesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Woody stem methane emission in mature wetland alder trees

Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas that is predominantly emitted to the atmosphere from anoxic wetland ecosystems. Understanding the sources and emissions of CH4 is crucially important for climate change predictions; however, there are significant discrepancies between CH4 source estimates derived via so-called bottom-up and top-down methods. Here we report CH4 emission from the stems of mature wetland alder (Alnus glutinosa) trees in the UK, a common tree of northern hemisphere floodplains and wetlands. The alder stems most likely behave as conduits for soil-produced CH4 either in the gaseous or aqueous phase, and may, therefore, help to reconcile methodological differences in the way the wetland CH4 source is estimated. Alder tree stems emitted average peak CH4 fluxes of 101 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 (on a stem area basis) in early October, a rate that is similar to that obtained from mature Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica) in Japan and amounting to approximately 20% of the measured CH4 flux from the soil surface. The finding suggests that trees, which occupy 60% of Earth's wetlands and are normally excluded from the measurement programmes that form the basis for bottom-up estimates of the global wetland source, could be important contributors to overall terrestrial ecosystem CH4 flux