High-Resolution Crystal Truncation Rod Scattering: Application to Ultrathin Layers and Buried Interfaces

In crystalline materials, the presence of surfaces or interfaces gives rise to crystal truncation rods (CTRs) in their X‐ray diffraction patterns. While structural properties related to the bulk of a crystal are contained in the intensity and position of Bragg peaks in X‐ray diffraction, CTRs carry detailed information about the atomic structure at the interface. Developments in synchrotron X‐ray sources, instrumentation, and analysis procedures have made CTR measurements into extremely powerful tools to study atomic reconstructions and relaxations occurring in a wide variety of interfacial systems, with relevance to chemical and electronic functionalities. In this review, an overview of the use of CTRs in the study of atomic structure at interfaces is provided. The basic theory, measurement, and analysis of CTRs are covered and applications from the literature are highlighted. Illustrative examples include studies of complex oxide thin films and multilayers

Metastable ferroelectricity in optically strained SrTiO3SrTiO_3

Fluctuating orders in solids are generally considered high-temperature precursors of broken symmetry phases. However, in some cases these fluctuations persist to zero temperature and prevent the emergence of long-range order, as for example observed in quantum spin and dipolar liquids. $SrTiO_3$ is a quantum paraelectric in which dipolar fluctuations grow when the material is cooled, although a long-range ferroelectric order never sets in. We show that the nonlinear excitation of lattice vibrations with mid-infrared optical pulses can induce polar order in $SrTiO_3$ up to temperatures in excess of 290 K. This metastable phase, which persists for hours after the optical pump is interrupted, is evidenced by the appearance of a large second-order optical nonlinearity that is absent in equilibrium. Hardening of a low-frequency mode indicates that the polar order may be associated with a photo-induced ferroelectric phase transition. The spatial distribution of the optically induced polar domains suggests that a new type of photo-flexoelectric coupling triggers this effect

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI POLAR EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH STROBERI (Fragaria x ananassa) TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus MULTIRESISTEN ANTIBIOTIK

Saat ini masyarakat lebih memilih untuk memanfaatkan tanaman obat dalam mengobati penyakit termasuk infeksi. Tanaman yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat salah satunya adalah buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari fraksi polar ekstrak etanol buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) terhadap Escherichia coli multiresisten antibiotik dan Staphylococcus aureus multiresisten antibiotik. Ekstrak etanol buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) diperoleh dengan metode maserasi, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses fraksinasi. Fraksinasi menggunakan metode Kromatografi Cair Vakum (KCV) dengan eluen etilasetat:metanol. Fraksi yang diperoleh kemudian ditetapkan dan dikelompokkan menggunakan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Fraksi polar yang diperoleh diuji aktivitas penghambatan bakterinya dengan menggunakan metode dilusi cair. Pembuatan dilusi cair menggunakan microtube kemudian untuk menegaskan penghambatan terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus multiresisten antibiotik dilihat pada tabung reaksi yang berisi media Mueller Hinton (MH). Konsentrasi yang digunakan 8%, 4%, 2%, 1%, 0,5%. Kadar terkecil yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri disebut sebagai Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM). Untuk mengetahui kandungan kimia dari fraksi tersebut, maka dilakukan analisis KLT dengan fase gerak kloroform:metanol (9,5:0,5) dan fase diam yang digunakan silika gel GF254. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi polar ekstrak etanol buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) mempunyai nilai KHM 8% b/v terhadap E. coli multiresisten antibiotik dan nilai KHM 4% b/v terhadap S. aureus multiresisten antibiotik. Hasil uji KLT menunjukkan bahwa fraksi polar ekstrak etanol buah stroberi mengandung flavonoid dan fenol

The Sublime

In our everyday life we live distant from the origin of life itself - nature. Dramatic landscape and fascinating views touch us in a way that few other things manage to do. It is something that make us recognize our powerlessness and the feeling of awe towards the nature. Experiencing striking nature is a way to create a deeper understanding of our own world and at the same time enrich our lives with strong emotions. The sublime is a philosophical phenomena, developed by the philosophers Immanuel Kant and Edward Burke during the 18th century. The theory explains the kind of unique experience one feels when facing nature’s might, certain kind of art or overwhelming architecture. The sublime is an emotion of pleasure, that is connected to, and only possible, when you at the same time experience displeasure (which in this case is fear or terror). To be able to experience the sublime, (which is the strongest emotion that the mind is capable of feeling, according to Burke) one have to feel that one is at safe distance, with no risk of destruction. This project investigates how architecture can contribute to the sublime experience of a unique natural landscape. The proposal site is the Nyiragongo volcano, located in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, the DRC. Tourists from all over the world cross the border from on a daily basis from Rwanda to visit Virunga national park and to climb Nyiragongo. From the rim of the volcano, visitors can look down into a lava lake and hear gases exploding and see a mosaic of molten lava. The tourist industry is an important economic engine that encourage the maintenance of safety in the region. This project investigates how architecture contribute to increase the status - highlighting the very uniqueness of Nyiragongo and Virunga national park in eastern DRC and how this can be done within the guide-lines of Eco-tourism

A Benchmarking assessment of known visual cryptography algorithms

With the growth of digital media, it is becoming more prevalent to find a method to protect the security of that media. An effective method for securely transmitting images is found in the field of Visual Cryptography. While this method is effective for securely transmitting images, many methods have been developed since the first algorithm was proposed in 1994 by Naor and Shamir. A benchmarking scheme is proposed to give the algorithm capabilities, understand the implementation method, evaluate the algorithm development, and provide image reconstruction information. Additionally, the algorithms are ranked according to a Visual Cryptography standard. This would allow an easy way to differentiate between algorithms and determine the ideal algorithm for a given task or project

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPATUHAN BEROBAT PENDERITA PENYAKIT TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI UPT PUSKESMAS LAWE ALAS TAHUN 2021

Indonesia menempati urutan ke tiga setelah India dan China dengan beban Tuberkulosis Paru (TB) tertinggi di dunia. Dalam penanggulangan Tuberculosis Paru, WHO (World Health Organization) telah merekomendasikan strategi Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS). Penderita Tuberculosis Paru agar dapat sembuh diperlukan kepatuhan dalam pengobatan selama minimal 6 bulan. Agar penderita Tuberculosis Paru dapat patuh dalam berobat ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan berobat pada penderita Tuberculosis Paru di UPT Puskesmas Lawe Alas. Faktor yang diteliti meliputi: Pengetahuan, Efek samping OAT, PMO, Peran Keluarga, Faktor Ekonomi, Motivasi Diri, Kepatuhan Berobat. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian cross-sectional, berlokasi di UPT Puskesmas Lawe Alas pada tahun 2021. Populasi berjumlah 71 orang dan pengambilan sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin yaitu 60 orang dengan menggunakan  teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Hasil penelitan ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antar faktor pengetahuan, efek samping OAT, PMO, peran Keluarga, Faktor Ekonomi, Motivasi Diri Di Puskesmas Lawe Alas

PENGARUH PERSEPSI RISIKO, PERSEPSI MANFAAT DAN KEPERCAYAAN TERHADAP NIAT PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN DI PORTAL E-COMMERCE ZALORA.CO.ID

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari persepsi risiko,persepsi manfaat dan kepercayaan terhadap niat pembelian konsumen. Sampel yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumen yang pernah mengunjungi portal ecommercezalora.co.id. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner sebagaiinstrumen penelitian. Kuesioner yang berhasil dianalisis sebanyak 200 kuesioner.Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah non probability sampling, teknikini digunakan dikarenakan profitabilitas elemen dalam populasi untuk terpilih sebagaisampel tidak diketahui, dan jenis yang digunakan adalah purposive. Regresi LinierBerganda digunakan sebagai metode analisis untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabelvariabelyang terlibat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel independenpersepsi risko, persepsi manfaat dan kepercayaan menunjukkan pengaruh positif dansignifikan (sig < 0,05) terhadap niat pembelian konsumen di portal e-commercezalora.co.id.Kata Kunci: Persepsi Risiko, Persepsi Manfaat, Kepercayaan, Niat Pembelian

Rethinking the Roles of English Lecturers in the Digital Era

Along the era of rapid technology advancement on the performance of Artificial IAlong with the era of rapid technology advancement on the performance of Artificial Intelligence (henceforth AI), there have been intense discussions and debates among educationists about the future of human teachers and AI teachers. When information can be accessed easily amidst the rapid development of online learning, it is intriguing to listen to students’ perspectives on the roles they expect from their teachers, especially in learning English subjects, when abundant resources are available and accessible online within their fingertips in social media platforms and online learning websites. In short, to identify what cannot be fulfilled online. To serve that purpose, 160 students from a private university in Indonesia were recruited as research participants. They are from 16 different study programs recruited as participants through a purposive sampling method to see if findings are bound to study program types. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and an interview. The results indicated that the students perceive their teachers as someone to guide their learning by providing good online resources and immediate feedback rather than expecting their teachers to be a content expert or to have a linguistic performance like native teachers

Disentangling lattice and electronic contributions to the metal–insulator transition from bulk vs. layer confined RNiO₃

In complex oxide materials, changes in electronic properties are often associated with changes in crystal structure, raising the question of the relative roles of the electronic and lattice effects in driving the metal–insulator transition. This paper presents a combined theoretical and experimental analysis of the dependence of the metal–insulator transition of NdNiO3 on crystal structure, specifically comparing properties of bulk materials to 1- and 2-layer samples of NdNiO3 grown between multiple electronically inert NdAlO3 counterlayers in a superlattice. The comparison amplifies and validates a theoretical approach developed in previous papers and disentangles the electronic and lattice contributions, through an independent variation of each. In bulk NdNiO3, the correlations are not strong enough to drive a metal–insulator transition by themselves: A lattice distortion is required. Ultrathin films exhibit 2 additional electronic effects and 1 lattice-related effect. The electronic effects are quantum confinement, leading to dimensional reduction of the electronic Hamiltonian and an increase in electronic bandwidth due to counterlayer-induced bond-angle changes. We find that the confinement effect is much more important. The lattice effect is an increase in stiffness due to the cost of propagation of the lattice disproportionation into the confining material