13 research outputs found

    Optimierung des ChemosensitivitÀtstests ChemoSelect und Untersuchung der Möglichkeit des Nachweises einer Wirkung des monoklonalen Antikörpers Herceptin in diesem diagnostischen Testverfahren

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    Krebs stellt heute in den IndustrielĂ€ndern die zweithĂ€ufigste Todesursache dar. In der Therapie von Krebserkrankungen spielt die Chemotherapie neben der operativen Entfernung und der Bestrahlung als systemische Behandlungsform eine wichtige Rolle. Forscher unternehmen große BemĂŒhungen, neue und verbesserte Therapieformen gegen Krebs zu entwickeln. Diese AktivitĂ€t hat dazu gefĂŒhrt, dass heute zahlreiche Medikationen erhĂ€ltlich sind, die gegen Krebs einsetzbar sind. In Folge dieser Entwicklungen ist die Therapiewahl schwieriger geworden. Obwohl pathologisch diagnostizierte Charakteristika eine gewisse Selektion erlauben, gehen diese Klassifizierungen nicht weit genug, um auf die individuellen BedĂŒrfnisse des Krebspatienten einzugehen. PrĂ€therapeutische in vitro ChemosensitivitĂ€tstests bieten die Möglichkeit, Behandlungserfolge durch eine Individualisierung der Chemotherapie fĂŒr Krebspatienten zu vergrĂ¶ĂŸern. FĂŒr diese Untersuchungen werden dem Patienten Tumorzellen entnommen, und ex vivo mit in Frage kommenden Therapeutika in Kontakt gebracht. Dabei lĂ€sst sich herausgefunden, welche Therapeutika eine Wirkung auf die individuellen Tumorzellen zeigen. Bis heute sind solche Testverfahren unter Onkologen umstritten und eine Integration dieser Verfahren in den medizinischen Alltag ist noch nicht realisiert. Unterschiedliche methodische Herangehensweisen existieren in der ChemosensitivitĂ€tstestung. In dieser Arbeit wurde der bestehende ChemoSelectÂź-Test grundlegend untersucht und optimiert. Die Optimierung diente dazu, DurchfĂŒhrbarkeit und Vorhersagekraft des Verfahrens zu vergrĂ¶ĂŸern und eine breite Anwendbarkeit des Tests zu ermöglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ChemosensitivitĂ€ten in bestimmten Grenzen unabhĂ€ngig von der Zellzahl reproduzierbar im Test nachzuweisen sind. Mit Hilfe eines optimierten Mediums konnte der Einsatzbereich des Tests mittels einer Reduktion der erforderlichen Zellzahl vergrĂ¶ĂŸert werden. Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass die im ChemoSelectÂź-Test gemessene AnsĂ€uerungsrate mit der Proliferation der Zellen korreliert. Untersuchungen ergaben eine gute Vergleichbarkeit des Tests mit verschiedenen Proliferationstests. FĂŒr Vertreter der wichtigsten Chemotherapeutikaklassen ließen sich in vitro spezifische Wirkungen nachweisen. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein grundlegendes Konzept fĂŒr eine klinische Validierungsstudie aufgesetzt, mit welchem innerhalb von zwei Jahren ĂŒberprĂŒft werden kann, wie hoch der prĂ€diktive Wert des Tests ist. Ferner wurde die Möglichkeit untersucht, im Test SensitivitĂ€ten gegenĂŒber neuartigen, spezifisch gegen Tumorzellen gerichteten Therapeutika nachzuweisen. Als Beispiel fĂŒr eine solches Therapeutikum wurde der monoklonale Antikörper Herceptin verwendet, der gegen den Her2/neu Rezeptor gerichtet ist. Im Testsystem ließ sich eine Wirkung des monoklonalen Antikörpers sowohl als Monotherapeutikum als auch in Kombination mit Chemotherapie nachweisen. Dieser Effekt war spezifisch bei Zellen zu beobachten, die sich durch eine Überexpression des Her2/neu Rezeptors auszeichneten

    A randomized phase III study evaluating pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus capecitabine as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer: results of the PELICAN study

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    The PELICAN trial evaluates for the first time efficacy and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) versus capecitabine as first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). This randomized, phase III, open-label, multicenter trial enrolled first-line MBC patients who were ineligible for endocrine or trastuzumab therapy. Cumulative adjuvant anthracyclines of 360 mg/m(2) doxorubicin or equivalent were allowed. Left ventricular ejection fraction of > 50 % was required. Patients received PLD 50 mg/m(2) every 28 days or capecitabine 1250 mg/m(2) twice daily for 14 days every 21 days. The primary endpoint was time-to-disease progression (TTP). 210 patients were randomized (n = 105, PLD and n = 105, capecitabine). Adjuvant anthracyclines were given to 37 % (PLD) and 36 % (capecitabine) of patients. No significant difference was observed in TTP [HR = 1.21 (95 % confidence interval, 0.838-1.750)]. Median TTP was 6.0 months for both PLD and capecitabine. Comparing patients with or without prior anthracyclines, no significant difference in TTP was observed in the PLD arm (log-rank P = 0.64). For PLD versus capecitabine, respectively, overall survival (median, 23.3 months vs. 26.8 months) and time-to-treatment failure (median, 4.6 months vs. 3.7 months) were not statistically significantly different. Compared to PLD, patients on capecitabine experienced more serious adverse events (P = 0.015) and more cardiac events among patients who had prior anthracycline exposure (18 vs. 8 %;P = 0.31). Both PLD and capecitabine are effective first-line agents for MBC

    Measurement of atmospheric neutrino oscillations with IceCube

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    We present the first statistically significant detection of neutrino oscillations in the high-energy regime (>20 GeV) from an analysis of IceCube Neutrino Observatory data collected in 2010 and 2011. This measurement is made possible by the low-energy threshold of the DeepCore detector (~20 GeV) and benefits from the use of the IceCube detector as a veto against cosmic-ray-induced muon background. The oscillation signal was detected within a low-energy muon neutrino sample (20-100 GeV) extracted from data collected by DeepCore. A high-energy muon neutrino sample (100 GeV-10 TeV) was extracted from IceCube data to constrain systematic uncertainties. The disappearance of low-energy upward-going muon neutrinos was observed, and the nonoscillation hypothesis is rejected with more than 5σ significance. In a two-neutrino flavor formalism, our data are best described by the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters |Δm(32)(2)|=(2.3(-0.5)(+0.6))×10(-3) eV(2) and sin(2)(2Ξ(23))>0.93, and maximum mixing is favored.M. G. Aartsen ... G. C. Hill ... et al. (IceCube Collaboration

    Measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum with IceTop-73

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    We report on the measurement of the all-particle cosmic ray energy spectrum with the IceTop air shower array in the energy range from 1.58 PeV to 1.26 EeV. The IceTop air shower array is the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the geographical South Pole. The analysis was performed using only information from IceTop. The data used in this work were taken from June 1, 2010 to May 13, 2011. During that period the IceTop array consisted of 73 stations, compared to 81 in its final configuration. The measured spectrum exhibits a clear deviation from a single power law above the knee around 4 PeV and below 1 EeV. We observe spectral hardening around 18 PeV and steepening around 130 PeV.M. G. Aartsen ... G. C. Hill ... et al. (IceCube Collaboration

    Search for ultra-high-energy neutrinos with amanda-II

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    Search for dark matter from the galactic halo with the IceCube Neutrino Telescope

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    Self-annihilating or decaying dark matter in the Galactic halo might produce high energy neutrinos detectable with neutrino telescopes. We have conducted a search for such a signal using 276 days of data from the IceCube 22-string configuration detector acquired during 2007 and 2008. The effect of halo model choice in the extracted limit is reduced by performing a search that considers the outer halo region and not the Galactic Center. We constrain any large-scale neutrino anisotropy and are able to set a limit on the dark matter self-annihilation cross section of h similar or equal to 10(-22) cm(3) s(-1) for weakly interacting massive particle masses above 1 TeV, assuming a monochromatic neutrino line spectrum

    South pole glacial climate reconstruction from multi-borehole laser particulate stratigraphy

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    SN 2008D, a core collapse supernova at a distance of 27 Mpc, was serendipitously discovered by the Swift satellite through an associated X-ray flash. Core collapse supernovae have been observed in association with long gamma-ray bursts and X-ray flashes and a physical connection is widely assumed. This connection could imply that some core collapse supernovae possess mildly relativistic jets in which high-energy neutrinos are produced through proton-proton collisions. The predicted neutrino spectra would be detectable by Cherenkov neutrino detectors like IceCube. A search for a neutrino signal in temporal and spatial correlation with the observed X-ray flash of SN 2008D was conducted using data taken in 2007–2008 with 22 strings of the IceCube detector. Events were selected based on a boosted decision tree classifier trained with simulated signal and experimental background data. The classifier was optimized to the position and a “soft jet” neutrino spectrum assumed for SN 2008D. Using three search windows placed around the X-ray peak, emission time scales from 100–10 000 s were probed. No events passing the cuts were observed in agreement with the signal expectation of 0.13 events. Upper limits on the muon neutrino flux from core collapse supernovae were derived for different emission time scales and the principal model parameters were constrained. While no meaningful limits can be given in the case of an isotropic neutrino emission, the parameter space for a jetted emission can be constrained. Future analyses with the full 86 string IceCube detector could detect up to ~100 events for a core-collapse supernova at 10 Mpc according to the soft jet model

    Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector

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    Electric?

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    The mass composition of high energy cosmic rays depends on their production, acceleration, and propagation. The study of cosmic ray composition can therefore reveal hints of the origin of these particles. At the South Pole, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory is capable of measuring two components of cosmic ray air showers in coincidence: the electromagnetic component at high altitude (2835 m) using the IceTop surface array, and the muonic component above ∌1 TeV using the IceCube array. This unique detector arrangement provides an opportunity for precision measurements of the cosmic ray energy spectrum and composition in the region of the knee and beyond. We present the results of a neural network analysis technique to study the cosmic ray composition and the energy spectrum from 1 PeV to 30 PeV using data recorded using the 40-string/40-station configuration of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
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