COMPARAÇÃO DAS AÇÕES PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CADEIA PRODUTIVA DA CASTANHA-DO-BRASIL EM DOIS ESTADOS DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

Os estados do Acre e do Amapá apresentam algumas semelhanças referentes às políticas de desenvolvimento local a partir da valorização das cadeias produtivas de produtos florestais não-madeireiros, sendo que a da castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) concentrou inicialmente grande parte das ações nos dois estados. Com base nesses contextos similares, o objetivo do artigo é realizar uma análise das estratégias de desenvolvimento local relacionadas à cadeia produtiva da castanha-do-Brasil no Acre e no Amapá, a fim de identificar os aspectos favoráveis e desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento desta cadeia nos dois estados. Apresentamos inicialmente as principais diferenças e similaridades da cadeia nos dois estados, seguido de uma proposta de quadro teórico que possibilitou o entendimento dos principais obstáculos e aspectos favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da cadeia nos dois casos estudados. Os elementos teóricos utilizados na análise dessas estratégias relacionam-se aos aspectos organizacionais internos e externos às cooperativas extrativistas, que foram criadas tendo como um dos objetivos principais a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável das comunidades extrativistas locais. Abordaremos os conceitos de autogestão e empoderamento para analisar os aspectos internos das cooperativas, e as estruturas de cadeia produtiva, cadeia de suprimento (supply chain) e arranjo produtivo local para analisar os aspectos externos às cooperativas. A metodologia utilizada para a avaliação nos dois estados consistiu em um estudo exploratório sobre a cadeia produtiva da castanha-do-Brasil em cada estado, que permitiu uma revisão de literatura mais pertinente sobre os conceitos organizacionais ligados ao contexto dos projetos de desenvolvimento analisados e um estudo de casos múltiplos em seis cooperativas, sendo três localizadas no Acre e três no Amapá. Os resultados das avaliações, que fazem parte de uma pesquisa mais abrangente, sinalizam que o estado do Acre apresenta uma maior orientação e integração dos atores locais para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva - e até mesmo de um arranjo produtivo local - da castanha-do-Brasil. Entretanto, mesmo neste estado, alguns obstáculos ainda devem ser superados, principalmente aqueles relacionados aos aspectos organizacionais internos às cooperativas extrativistas locais. -----------------------------------------------The Brazilian states of Acre and Amapá have some similarities with regard to the policies of local development to promote the non timber forest production chain. Initially it was the Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) production chain that concentrated the major part of the initiatives in these two states. Based in these similar contexts, the objective of this paper is to analyze the strategies of local development related to the production chain of the Brazil nuts in Acre and in Amapá, in order to identify its favorable and unfavorable aspects to the development of this chain in the two states. First we present the main differences and similarities of the chain in the two states, following by a proposal of theoretical instrumental that made it possible to understand the main obstacles and favorable aspects to the development of the chain in the two states. The theoretical elements used in the analysis of those strategies are related to internal and external organizational aspects of the nut collectors cooperatives, that were created with as one of their main objectives the promotion of the sustainable development of the nuts collectors communities. We will use the self-management and empowerment concepts to analyze the internal aspects of the cooperatives, and for the external aspects of the cooperatives we will use the concepts of production chain, supply chain and local industrial clusters. The method used for the survey in the two states consisted in an exploratory study of the brazil nut´s production chain in each state, and (that allowed) a revision of relevant literature on organizational concepts related to the context of the development projects and a multiple case study of three cooperatives located in Acre and three in Amapá. The results of these evaluations, which are part of a wider research project, show that in Acre the local actors have a larger orientation and integration on the development of the production chain - and even on a local industrial cluster. However, even in this state, some obstacles should still are to be overcome, mainly those related to internal organizational aspects of the local cooperatives.desenvolvimento local, aspectos organizacionais, cadeia produtiva, cooperativas extrativistas, castanha-do-Brasil, local development, managerial aspects, production chain, extractive cooperatives, Brazil nut, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Study of conditions for anisotropic plasma etching of tungsten and tungsten nitride using SF6/Ar gas mixtures

Results of the study of reactive ion etching of tungsten, tungsten nitride, and silicon in SF6/Ar gas mixtures are presented. For plasma diagnostics, optical emission spectroscopy (actinometry) was used. Using the actinometry technique, it was possible to show that etching mechanisms were different for Si-F and W-F chemistries. Anisotropic etching of tungsten/tungsten nitride using conventional reactive ion etcher has been obtained, and conditions of achieving anisotropic etching have been analyzed. A correlation is found between anisotropy of tungsten etching and the ratio of Si/W etch rates. Mechanisms of fluorine redistribution between the bottom/sidewall surfaces due to surface diffusion and/or reflection are proposed as possible reasons for the observed correlation.1493G179G18

Efficacy of ECR-CVD silicon nitride passivation in InGaP/GaAs HBTs

High quality passivation silicon nitride films have been obtained requiring no surface pretreatment and being fully compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuits. The nitride film is deposited by electron cyclotron resonance-chemical vapor deposition directly over GaAs-n substrate and over InGaP/GaAs heterojunction structures, which are used for heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). Metal/ nitride/ GaAs-n capacitors were fabricated for all the samples. Effective charge densities of 3 X 10(11) cm(-2) and leakage current densities of 1 mu A/cm(2) were determined. Plasma analysis showed a reduced formation of molecules such as NH in the gas phase at low pressures, allowing the deposition of higher quality films. The process was used for InGaP/GaAs HBT fabrication with excellent results, such as higher current gain of passivated device comparing to unpassivated HBTs. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.2441762176

Deriving phytoplankton size classes from satellite data: Validation along a trophic gradient in the eastern Atlantic Ocean

In recent years, the global distribution of phytoplankton functional types (PFT) and phytoplankton size classes (PSC) has been determined by remote sensing. Many of these methods rely on interpretation of phytoplankton size or type from pigment data, but independent validation has been difficult due to lack of appropriate in situ data on cell size. This work uses in situ data (photosynthetic pigments concentration and cell abundances) from the north-east Atlantic, along a trophic gradient, sampled from 2005 to 2010, as well as Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) data for the same region, to test a previously developed conceptual model, which calculates the fractional contributions of pico-, nano- and micro-plankton to total phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass (Brewin et al., 2010). The application of the model proved to be successful, as shown by low mean absolute error between data and model fit. However, regional values obtained for the model parameters had some effect on the relative distribution of size classes as a function of chlorophyll-a, compared with the results according to the original model. The regional parameterisation yielded a dominance of micro-plankton contribution for chlorophyll-a concentrations greater than 0.5 mg m− 3, rather than from 1.3 mg m− 3 in the original model. Intracellular chlorophyll-a (Chla) per cell, for each size class, was computed from the cell enumeration results (microscope counts and flow cytometry) and the chlorophyll-a concentration for that size class given by the model. The median intracellular chlorophyll-a values computed were 0.004, 0.224 and 26.78 pg Chla cell− 1 for pico-, nano-, and micro-plankton respectively. This is generally consistent with the literature, thereby providing an indirect validation of the method based on pigments to assign size classes. Using a satellite-derived composite image of chlorophyll-a for the study area, a map of cell abundance was generated based on the computed intracellular chlorophyll-a for each size-class, thus extending the remote-sensing method for mapping size classes of phytoplankton from chlorophyll-a concentration to mapping cell numbers in each class. The map reveals the ubiquitous presence of pico-plankton, and shows that all size classes are more abundant in more productive areas

Deposition of sacrificial silicon oxide layers by electron cyclotron resonance plasma

Electron cyclotron resonance plasmas with SiH4/O-2/Ar mixtures were used for deposition of thin films of silicon oxide, to be employed as sacrificial layers in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) fabrication. The grown films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and ellipsometry. Optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe were used for plasma characterization. It has been shown that OH molecules generated in the plasma play an important role in formation of films suitable as sacrificial layers for MEMS fabrication. Extremely high etch rates of grown oxide films (up to 10 mu m/min) were obtained, allowing fabrication of high quality poly-Si suspended structures. (c) 2007 American Vacuum Society.2541166117

Reliability analysis of moment redistribution in reinforced concrete beams

Design codes allow a limited amount of moment redistribution in continuous reinforced concrete beams and often make use of lower bound values in the procedure for estimating the moment redistribution factors. Here, based on the concept of demand and capacity rotation, and by means of Monte Carlo simulation, a probabilistic model is derived for the evaluation of moment redistribution factors. Results show that in all considered cases, the evaluated mean and nominal values of moment redistribution factor are greater than the values provided by the ACI code. On the other hand, the 5th percentile value of moment redistribution factor could be lower than those specified by the code. Although the reduction of strength limit state reliability index attributable to uncertainty in moment redistribution factors is not large, it is comparable to the reduction in reliability index resulting from increasing the ratio of live to dead load

Increasing the chances of natural conception: opinion statement from the the brazilian federation of gynecology and obstetrics associations - FEBRASGO - committee of gynecological endocrinology

Considering that myths and misconceptions regarding natural procreation spread rapidly in the era of easy access to information and to social networks, adequate counseling about natural fertility and spontaneous conception should be encouraged in any kind of health assistance. Despite the fact that there is no strong-powered evidence about any of the aspects related to natural fertility, literature on how to increase the chances of a spontaneous pregnancy is available. In the present article, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (FEBRASGO, in the Portuguese acronym) Committee on Endocrine Gynecology provides suggestions to optimize counseling for non-infertile people attempting spontaneous conception41318319