Opportunities and challenges in pharmacy profession in developing countries like India: An overview

Abstract Pharmacy, a profession that is responsible for the interpretation of prescription orders compounding, labelling, dispensing of drugs for appropriate use of medication, devices and services to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. Patient monitoring and intervention and provision of cognitive services related to use of medications and devices are the other responsibilities. Pharmaceutical science is an inter-disciplinary science which is the base of the molecular biology, drug discovery and development science to healthcare delivery. While pharmacists are those who are educated and licensed to dispense drugs ad to provide drug information and are experts in handling of medications. The pharmacist is no longer just a supplier of medicines and a concocter of medicinal products, but also a team member involved in the provision of health care whether in the hospital, the community pharmacy, the laboratory, the industry or in academic institutions. The pharmacy profession has exciting opportunities, as well as challenges, they have the potential to help our country in facing these challenges. The changing role of pharmacy in monitoring medication usage is subsumed under the term "pharmaceutical care." Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life i.e. pharmacist are also the primary health professionals. The gender shift that has occurred with the profession of pharmacy has sparked debate regarding the potential impact that this might have on the workforce shortage, pharmacist salaries, the impact of professional organizations, and the future of independent pharmacy ownership and proves specific position for females. This review deals with responsibility and services of pharmacists together with global opportunities to serve the society. Thus, there should be a close relationship among pharmacists, doctors and patients that may help improve patient's use of medicines and simplifying various complexities

Iontophoresis: A Potential Emergence of a Transdermal Drug Delivery System

The delivery of drugs into systemic circulation via skin has generated much attention during the last decade. Transdermal therapeutic systems propound controlled release of active ingredients through the skin and into the systemic circulation in a predictive manner. Drugs administered through these systems escape first-pass metabolism and maintain a steady state scenario similar to a continuous intravenous infusion for up to several days. However, the excellent impervious nature of the skin offers the greatest challenge for successful delivery of drug molecules by utilizing the concepts of iontophoresis. The present review deals with the principles and the recent innovations in the field of iontophoretic drug delivery system together with factors affecting the system. This delivery system utilizes electric current as a driving force for permeation of ionic and non-ionic medications. The rationale behind using this technique is to reversibly alter the barrier properties of skin, which could possibly improve the penetration of drugs such as proteins, peptides and other macromolecules to increase the systemic delivery of high molecular weight compounds with controlled input kinetics and minimum inter-subject variability. Although iontophoresis seems to be an ideal candidate to overcome the limitations associated with the delivery of ionic drugs, further extrapolation of this technique is imperative for translational utility and mass human application

A study to compare the efficacy of intermittent versus continuous regimen of pantaprazole in the management of upper gastrointestinal bleed (non variceal)

Background: UGI bleeding is defined as bleeding that occurs in the digestive tract proximal to the ligament of treitz. Intermittent dosage regimen IV bolus and high dose IV continuous infusion forms helps in achieving and maintaining this pH goal of more than 6 which forms optimal environment for peptic ulcer healing and clot stabilization to occur. Theoretically, high-dose IV continuous infusion should provide the most potent acid suppression. Aims and objective was to compare the efficacy of intermittent dose of pantoprazole given for 3 days i.e. 40mg intravenous twice a day versus continuous infusion dose of pantaprazole i.e. 80mg intravenous bolus followed by 8mg/hour for first 72hours in the treatment of UGI bleed.Methods: Patients of UGI bleed were randomly assigned to receive either continuous or intermittent regimen of pantaprazole as a part of management.Results: Among 118 patients of peptic ulcer disease, 7 patients had rebleed and 111 patients had no rebleed.3 patients among 59 patients who received continuous regimen and 4 patients among 59 patients who received intermittent regimen had rebleed with a total of 7 patients among 118 patients. Among 118 patients only 2 patients of the total had need for surgery for stabilization. Among 59 patients who received continuous regimen 2 patients needed surgery while none of the 59 patients who received intermittent regimen needed for surgery. Of the 118 patients 10 patients had mortality at the end of 30 day period. In both the regimes 5 patients died.Conclusions: The difference between Rockall score of the intermittent and continuous regimen group was statistically insignificant. The incidence of rebleed was 5.1 % for continuous and 6.7% for intermittent regimen which was statiscally insignificant. The incidence of mortality was similar 8.5%in both regimen

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

Pyrrolidine catalyzed regioselective and diastereoselective direct aldol reaction in water

1355-1358Pyrrolidine catalyzed direct aldol reaction of methyl ketones other than acetone with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in water affords linear aldol addition product arising from the selective attack of the unsubstituted carbon of the unsymmetrical ketone. The present methodology provides an experimentally simple and green process for regioselective synthesis of -hydroxyketones in water

IDSL.GOA: gene ontology analysis for interpreting metabolomic datasets.

Biological interpretation of metabolomic datasets often ends at a pathway analysis step to find the over-represented metabolic pathways in the list of statistically significant metabolites. However, definitions of biochemical pathways and metabolite coverage vary among different curated databases, leading to missed interpretations. For the lists of genes, transcripts and proteins, Gene Ontology (GO) terms over-presentation analysis has become a standardized approach for biological interpretation. But, GO analysis has not been achieved for metabolomic datasets. We present a new knowledgebase (KB) and the online tool, Gene Ontology Analysis by the Integrated Data Science Laboratory for Metabolomics and Exposomics (IDSL.GOA) to conduct GO over-representation analysis for a metabolite list. The IDSL.GOA KB covers 2393 metabolic GO terms and associated 3144 genes, 1,492 EC annotations, and 2621 metabolites. IDSL.GOA analysis of a case study of older versus young female brain cortex metabolome highlighted 82 GO terms being significantly overrepresented (FDR &lt; 0.05). We showed how IDSL.GOA identified key and relevant GO metabolic processes that were not yet covered in other pathway databases. Overall, we suggest that interpretation of metabolite lists should not be limited to only pathway maps and can also leverage GO terms as well. IDSL.GOA provides a useful tool for this purpose, allowing for a more comprehensive and accurate analysis of metabolite pathway data. IDSL.GOA tool can be accessed at https://goa.idsl.me/

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ELONGATION IN SINGLE SIDED FRICTION STIR WELDING ON ALUMINIUM ALLOY 6061

In the present work, straight cylindrical tool of three different shoulder diameters all made of High speed steel for the friction stir welding (FSW) aluminium alloy 6061 and elongation of the welded joint are tested by universal testing machine. The detailed mathematical representation is simulated by Minitab 15. In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi way has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher tensile strength. Experiments are conducted by using L9 orthogonal array in Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high Elongation. In Elongation the rotational speed play a key role in FSW. The shoulder dia. and feed rate does not contribute the main effect in FSW

Preliminary screening of osteoporosis and osteopenia in urban women from Jammu using calcaneal QUS

В пособии представлены задачи по разделам «Сила, действующая на заряд, движущийся в магнитном поле» и «Сила, действующая на проводник с током в магнитном поле» курса общей физики. В пособии приведены краткие сведения из теории: определения основных понятий и физических величин, формулы с описанием всех входящих в них величин, справочные данные, а также примеры решения задач. Задачи для самостоятельного решения имеют ответы. Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для проведения практических занятий по курсу общей физики в высших учебных заведениях инженерно-технического профиля, а также для самостоятельной работы студентов.Для открытия архива необходима программа WinRAR версии 5.0 и выше

Evaluation of normal gait using electro-goniometer

A potentiometer-based electro-goniometer has been developed to measure knee angle of normal healthy individuals (5),who were instructed to walk slow, normal and brisk for walking distance of 17 m. Data acquisition and analysis on acquired datawere done using LabVIEW. For individuals with different physical parameters, it was found that frequency (steps/min) remains the same irrespective of varying velocities. Step length reduces as individuals walk without shoes