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Modelling the joint distribution of competing risks survival times using copula functions
The problem of modelling the joint distribution of survival times in a competing risks model, using copula functions is considered. In order to evaluate this joint distribution and the related overall survival function, a system of non-linear differential equations is solved, which relates the crude and net survival functions of the modelled competing risks, through the copula. A similar approach to modelling dependent multiple decrements was applied by Carriere (1994) who used a Gaussian copula applied to an incomplete double decrement model which makes it difficult to calculate any actuarial functions and draw relevant conclusions. Here, we extend this methodology by studying the effect of complete and partial elimination of up to four competing risks on the overall survival function, the life expectancy and life annuity values. We further investigate how different choices of the copula function affect the resulting joint distribution of survival times and in particular the actuarial functions which are of importance in pricing life insurance and annuity products. For illustrative purposes, we have used a real data set and used extrapolation to prepare a complete multiple decrement model up to age 120. Extensive numerical results illustrate the sensitivity of the model with respect to the choice ofcopula and its parameter(s)
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Automatic, computer aided geometric design of free-knot, regression splines
A new algorithm for Computer Aided Geometric Design of least squares (LS) splines with variable knots, named GeDS, is presented. It is based on interpreting functional spline regression as a parametric B-spline curve, and on using the shape preserving property of its control polygon. The GeDS algorithm includes two major stages. For the first stage, an automatic adaptive, knot location algorithm is developed. By adding knots, one at a time, it sequentially "breaks" a straight line segment into pieces in order to construct a linear LS B-spline fit, which captures the "shape" of the data. A stopping rule is applied which avoids both over and under fitting and selects the number of knots for the second stage of GeDS, in which smoother, higher order (quadratic, cubic, etc.) fits are generated. The knots appropriate for the second stage are determined, according to a new knot location method, called the averaging method. It approximately preserves the linear precision property of B-spline curves and allows the attachment of smooth higher order LS B-spline fits to a control polygon, so that the shape of the linear polygon of stage one is followed. The GeDS method produces simultaneously linear, quadratic, cubic (and possibly higher order) spline fits with one and the same number of B-spline regression functions. The GeDS algorithm is very fast, since no deterministic or stochastic knot insertion/deletion and relocation search strategies are involved, neither in the first nor the second stage. Extensive numerical examples are provided, illustrating the performance of GeDS and the quality of the resulting LS spline fits. The GeDS procedure is compared with other existing variable knot spline methods and smoothing techniques, such as SARS, HAS, MDL, AGS methods and is shown to produce models with fewer parameters but with similar goodness of fit characteristics, and visual quality
Analysis of a Japan government intervention on the domestic agriculture market
We investigate an economic system in which one large agent - the Japan
government changes the environment of numerous smaller agents - the Japan
agriculture producers by indirect regulation of prices of agriculture goods.
The reason for this intervention was that before the oil crisis in 1974 Japan
agriculture production prices exhibited irregular and large amplitude changes.
By means of analysis of correlations and a combination of singular spectrum
analysis (SSA), principal component analysis (PCA), and time delay phase space
construction (TDPSC) we study the influence of the government measures on the
domestic piglet prices and production in Japan. We show that the government
regulation politics was successful and leaded (i) to a decrease of the
nonstationarities and to increase of predictability of the piglet price; (ii)
to a coupling of the price and production cycles; (iii) to increase of
determinism of the dynamics of the fluctuations of piglet price around the year
average price. The investigated case is an example confirming the thesis that a
large agent can change in a significant way the environment of the small agents
in complex (economic or financial) systems which can be crucial for their
survival or extinction.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures presented at APFA5, Torino, Italy,
29.06-01.07.200
A model of ideological struggle
A general model for opinion formation and competition, like in ideological
struggles is formulated. The underlying set is a closed one, like a country but
in which the population size is variable in time. Several ideologies compete to
increase their number of adepts. Such followers can be either converted from
one ideology to another or become followers of an ideology though being
previously ideologically-free. A reverse process is also allowed. We consider
two kinds of conversion: unitary conversion, e.g. by means of mass
communication tools, or binary conversion, e.g. by means of interactions
between people. It is found that the steady state,when it exists, depends on
the number of ideologies. Moreover when the number of ideologies increases some
tension arises between them. This tension can change in the course of time. We
propose to measure the ideology tensions through an appropriately defined scale
index.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 46 references, working pape
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