História da habitação no Brasil (1850-2004)

02

Using modularity to reduce complexity of industrialized building systems for mass customization

It is widely known that industrialized building systems can positively impact construction projects in terms of efficiency, duration, safety, and quality. Although the use of industrialized building systems can potentially simplify the production process on-site, the complexity of the overall delivery system tends to be high, especially in engineered-to-order (ETO) environments, due to factors such as uncertainty related to goals and methods, conflicts between different trades on-site, and interdependence between supply chain members. This paper explores the concept of modularity, which has proven to be useful in different industries as a way of dealing with complex systems. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how modularity can reduce the complexity of ETO industrialized building systems, in companies that adopt a mass customization strategy. This investigation is based on two descriptive case studies on the development of modular structural steel systems for buildings that have adopted innovative beam-to-column connections. The main contribution of this research is demonstrating the need to adopt an integrated product and process-oriented conceptualization of modularity in industrialized building systems. Moreover, the comparison between the two case studies pointed out that the management of tolerances plays a key role in achieving high productivity and short lead times in structural steel building systems. This investigation also illustrates how the adoption of a limited set of modular components can be used to decouple design decisions, and standardize different types of processes

Model for planning and controlling the delivery and assembly of engineer-to-order prefabricated building systems : exploring synergies between Lean and BIM

The adoption of prefabricated building systems has grown due to the need to reduce duration and cost of construction projects, as well as to improve quality and working conditions. However, the adoption of those systems requires an intense exchange of information to integrate the production of components, logistics operations, and site assembly. This is particularly important in engineer-to-order environments, in which the level of uncertainty tends to be high. This research proposes a model for planning and controlling the delivery and assembly of ETO prefabricated building systems, emphasizing the integration between site installation and logistics operations. This model was devised in an empirical study carried out in a company that delivers and assembles prefabricated concrete structures. The main theoretical contribution is a set of approaches to implement the “pull production” and “reduce variability” principles in this particular context, exploring synergies that exist between Lean Production principles and Building Information Modeling (BIM) functionalities.L’adoption de procédés de préfabrication d’immeubles a augmenté en raison de la nécessité de réduire la durée et le coût des projets de construction, ainsi que d’améliorer la qualité et les conditions de travail. Toutefois, l’adoption de ces procédés nécessite un échange intense d’informations afin d’intégrer la production de composants, les opérations logistiques et l’assemblage sur chantier. Ceci est particulièrement important dans les environnements de fabrication pour projet, où le niveau d’incertitude a tendance à être élevé. Cette recherche propose un modèle de planification et de contrôle de la livraison et de l’assemblage des systèmes de préfabrication d’immeubles dans un environnement de fabrication pour projet, en mettant l’accent sur l’intégration entre l’installation du chantier et les opérations logistiques. Ce modèle a été conçu dans le cadre d’une étude empirique menée dans une entreprise qui fournit et assemble des structures préfabriquées en béton. La principale contribution théorique est un ensemble d’approches pour mettre en oeuvre les principes de « production tirée » et de « réduction de la variabilité » dans ce contexte particulier, en explorant les synergies qui existent entre les principes de production allégée et les fonctionnalités de la modélisation des données du bâtiment (MDI)

Visual management requirements to support design planning and control within digital contexts

Difficulties in managing the construction design process are strongly related to its nature, as a large number of interdependent decisions are involved, which need to be made by many different stakeholders, in an environment that has a high degree of uncertainty. Moreover, there is a growing use of digital tools to support design. Traditional communication approaches used in design management only partially comply with the requirements of digital contexts, and new methods and tools are necessary to address these challenges. Visual Management (VM) has the potential to increase process transparency in the design stage, in order to support collaboration and communication and facilitate the transfer of information. However, the literature on the implementation of VM to support design management is still scarce. Moreover, there is limited understanding of the connection between VM and information and communication technologies (ICT). This investigation aims to propose a set of requirements to support VM applications for design planning and control within digital contexts, which can potentially contribute to improving the effectiveness of VM. This set of requirements were initially identified within the literature, considering different fields of knowledge, and then refined in an empirical study that was developed in collaboration with an infrastructure design and consultancy company in the UK. The Design Science Research approach was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation, which involved incremental learning cycles for devising the artefact, carried out in three different projects. The main findings include (i) the definition of a set of VM requirements that are applicable to the context investigated in this research study; (ii) an assessment of the relevance of the requirements for different types of visual practices, hierarchical planning levels, and stakeholders that are involved; (iii) the identification of some current limitations and challenges of implementing digital VM in construction design. From a practical perspective, this set of requirements may guide practitioners and academics in devising and assessing digital VM practices

Diretrizes para a medição de desempenho de processo logístico em uma empresa de sistemas pré-fabricados que adota a filosofia Lean Production

O crescimento acelerado do setor da construção civil em relação ao resto da economia brasileira tende a manter seu ritmo de desenvolvimento em constante evolução. Contudo, o nível de maturidade dos sistemas de gestão deste setor não acompanha o mesmo ritmo da elevada demanda de empreendimentos presente no mercado brasileiro. O aumento da competitividade também contribui para a especialização das empresas em processos que viabilizem produtos específicos que atendam às necessidades dos clientes. Neste contexto, surgem as empresas engineer-to-order (ETO) que projetam, fabricam e montam estruturas pré-fabricadas em obra. Este trabalho busca propor diretrizes para o sistema de medição de desempenho do processo logístico para empresas ETO de sistemas construtivos. O estudo foi realizado em parceria com uma empresa focada no desenvolvimento de sistemas construtivos de estrutura metálica, incluso em um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo que visa o desenvolvimento do seu processo logístico. A análise realizada dos indicadores permitiu a compreensão de alguns pressupostos do sistema de gestão. A falta de conexão entre os indicadores e os objetivos estratégicos demonstrava a falta de transparência, causando um viés no desenvolvimento de ações de melhoria. Desta forma, foram propostas cinco diretrizes que buscam facilitar a relação dos indicadores com os objetivos estratégicos genéricos da empresa.The Brazilian construction industry have had an accelerated growing if compared to other economic sectors, this rhythm tends to keep the pace of increasing. However, the level of maturity of the management system from this industry does not follow the growing demand for construction projects of Brazilian market. This emergent competitive also contributes to the development of companies specialized in products that attend exactly the customer needs. In this context, engineered-to-order companies which design, fabricate and assemble building systems on construction sites arise. This paper is an attempt to propose a set of guidelines for the development of performance measurement system for the logistic process for ETO building systems companies. It has been carried out in partnership with a Steel Fabricator focused on building systems. This study is part of an ongoing research project that seeks to develop the logistic process, as a mean to better connect the site installation and the plant. Through the analysis of the performance measurement system of the company it was possible to understand some of the basic management assumptions. There was a lack of connection between the metrics and the strategic goals of the company, which reveals a lack of transparency and that could cause a strong bias in the definition of improvement plans. As a result, five guidelines were proposed seeking to facilitate the relation of the metrics with the generic strategic goals of the company

Diretrizes para a medição de desempenho de processo logístico em uma empresa de sistemas pré-fabricados que adota a filosofia Lean Production

O crescimento acelerado do setor da construção civil em relação ao resto da economia brasileira tende a manter seu ritmo de desenvolvimento em constante evolução. Contudo, o nível de maturidade dos sistemas de gestão deste setor não acompanha o mesmo ritmo da elevada demanda de empreendimentos presente no mercado brasileiro. O aumento da competitividade também contribui para a especialização das empresas em processos que viabilizem produtos específicos que atendam às necessidades dos clientes. Neste contexto, surgem as empresas engineer-to-order (ETO) que projetam, fabricam e montam estruturas pré-fabricadas em obra. Este trabalho busca propor diretrizes para o sistema de medição de desempenho do processo logístico para empresas ETO de sistemas construtivos. O estudo foi realizado em parceria com uma empresa focada no desenvolvimento de sistemas construtivos de estrutura metálica, incluso em um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo que visa o desenvolvimento do seu processo logístico. A análise realizada dos indicadores permitiu a compreensão de alguns pressupostos do sistema de gestão. A falta de conexão entre os indicadores e os objetivos estratégicos demonstrava a falta de transparência, causando um viés no desenvolvimento de ações de melhoria. Desta forma, foram propostas cinco diretrizes que buscam facilitar a relação dos indicadores com os objetivos estratégicos genéricos da empresa

BIM+Lean para integração do controle de produção e qualidade em canteiros de obras

Current production and quality control activities performed on-site are based either on manual procedures or on different automatic data collection technologies. A major problem in these controls is that they are often applied in isolation. Therefore, there are opportunities for improving the performance of construction projects by integrating quality and production control systems supported by digital systems and considering concepts and principles from Lean Philosophy. This article describes a conceptual framework that make it possible to integrate production and quality control in construction sites, considering the combination of BIM and the Last Planner System™ (LPS). This investigation was based on two empirical studies, carried out in companies that develop and build residential building projects. The main contribution of the study is the ability of the model to surpass the limitations of commercial software available to cope with the flexibility demanded by LPS. The results indicated that the proposed framework enables timely feedback to be provided to production managers, and BIM models to be quickly updated with progress monitoring and product quality data.As atividades de controle de produção e qualidade realizadas no canteiro de obras são baseadas em procedimentos manuais ou em diferentes tecnologias de coleta automática de dados. Um grande problema é esses controles são muitas vezes aplicados de forma isolada. Existem oportunidades para melhorar o desempenho das obras, integrando sistemas de controle de qualidade e produção utilizando sistemas digitais e considerando conceitos e princípios da Produção Enxuta. Este artigo descreve uma estrutura conceitual que possibilita a integração da produção e do controle de qualidade em canteiros de obras, considerando a combinação do BIM e do Last Planner System™ (LPS). Esta pesquisa baseou-se em dois estudos empíricos, realizados em empresas que desenvolvem e constroem projetos de edifícios residenciais. A principal contribuição do estudo é a capacidade o modelo proposto de superar as limitações dos softwares comerciais disponíveis para fazer frente à flexibilidade exigida pelo LPS. Os resultados indicaram que a estrutura conceitual proposta permite que um feedback oportuno seja fornecido aos gerentes de produção e que os modelos BIM sejam rapidamente atualizados com monitoramento do progresso e dados de qualidade do produto