Von der Medienwirkungsbehauptung zur erziehungswissenschaftlichen Medienrezeptionsforschung. Vorschlag zur Analyse von Filmkommunikaten

Im Hinblick auf die Erforschung spezifischer Zusammenhänge von Medienkonsum und der Herausbildung von Einstellungen und Handlungen wird eine konstruktivistische Theorieorientierung plausibilisiert, indem zunächst auf den Stand der Medienwirkungsforschung eingegangen und vor dem Hintergrund einer begründeten Kritik des Wirkungsverständnisses auf die Notwendigkeit einer medienrezeptionswissenschaftlichen Forschungsalternative hingewiesen wird. Weiterhin wird der Stand der (erziehungswissenschaftlichen) Medienrezeptionsforschung erörtert. Sodann werden Elemente einer konstruktivistischen Methodologie von Medienrezeptionsforschung beschrieben, die am Beispiel der Rezeption von Filmen konkretisiert werden. Dabei wird das Konzept des Kommunikates (S.J. Schmidt) als Ausgangspunkt genommen, ein Vorschlag für eine Beschreibungssprache für (Film-) Kommunikate entwickelt und eine Adaption des Ansatzes filmischer Narration zur Sprache gebracht

Quantitative trait locus mapping of resistance to turnip yellows virus in Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea and introgression of these resistances by resynthesis into allotetraploid plants for deployment in Brassica napus

Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) is aphid-transmitted and causes considerable yield losses in oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus, genome: AACC) and vegetable brassicas. Insecticide control of the aphid vector is limited due to insecticide resistance and the banning of the most effective active ingredients in the EU. There is only one source of TuYV resistance in current commercial OSR varieties, which has been mapped to a single dominant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome A04. We report the identification, characterisation, and mapping of TuYV resistance in the diploid progenitor species of OSR, Brassica rapa (genome: AA), and Brassica oleracea (genome: CC). Phenotyping of F(1) populations, produced from within-species crosses between resistant and susceptible individuals, revealed the resistances were quantitative and partially dominant. QTL mapping of segregating backcross populations showed that the B. rapa resistance was controlled by at least two additive QTLs, one on chromosome A02 and the other on chromosome A06. Together, they explained 40.3% of the phenotypic variation. In B. oleracea, a single QTL on chromosome C05 explained 22.1% of the phenotypic variation. The TuYV resistance QTLs detected in this study are different from those in the extant commercial resistant varieties. To exploit these resistances, an allotetraploid (genome: AACC) plant line was resynthesised from the interspecific cross between the TuYV-resistant B. rapa and B. oleracea lines. Flow cytometry confirmed that plantlets regenerated from the interspecific cross had both A and C genomes and were mixoploid. To stabilise ploidy, a fertile plantlet was self-pollinated to produce seed that had the desired resynthesised, allotetraploid genome AACC. Phenotyping of the resynthesised plants confirmed their resistance to TuYV. Genotyping with resistance-linked markers identified during the mapping in the progenitors confirmed the presence of all TuYV resistance QTLs from B. rapa and B. oleracea. This is the first report of TuYV resistance mapped in the Brassica C genome and of an allotetraploid AACC line possessing dual resistance to TuYV originating from both of its progenitors. The introgression into OSR can now be accelerated, utilising marker-assisted selection, and this may reduce selection pressure for TuYV isolates that are able to overcome existing sources of resistance to TuYV

Homologous NF-YC2 Subunit from Arabidopsis and Tobacco Is Activated by Photooxidative Stress and Induces Flowering

The transcription factor NF-Y consists of the three subunits A, B and C, which are encoded in Arabidopsis in large gene families. The multiplicity of the genes implies that NF-Y may act in diverse combinations of each subunit for the transcriptional control. We aimed to assign a function in stress response and plant development to NF-YC subunits by analyzing the expression of NF-Y genes and exploitation of nf-y mutants. Among the subunit family, NF-YC2 showed the strongest inducibility towards oxidative stress, e.g. photodynamic, light, oxidative, heat and drought stress. A tobacco NF-YC homologous gene was found to be inducible by photooxidative stress generated by an accumulation of the tetrapyrrole metabolite, coproporphyrin. Despite the stress induction, an Arabidopsis nf-yc2 mutant and NF-YC2 overexpressors did not show phenotypical differences compared to wild-type seedlings in response to photooxidative stress. This can be explained by the compensatory potential of other members of the NF-YC family. However, NF-YC2 overexpression leads to an early flowering phenotype that is correlated with increased FLOWERING LOCUS T-transcript levels. It is proposed that NF-YC2 functions in floral induction and is a candidate gene among the NF-Y family for the transcriptional activation upon oxidative stress

Bologna guidelines for diagnosis and management of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) : 2017 update of the evidence-based guidelines from the world society of emergency surgery ASBO working group

Background: Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is a common surgical emergency, causing high morbidity and even some mortality. The adhesions causing such bowel obstructions are typically the footprints of previous abdominal surgical procedures. The present paper presents a revised version of the Bologna guidelines to evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of ASBO. The working group has added paragraphs on prevention of ASBO and special patient groups. Methods: The guideline was written under the auspices of the World Society of Emergency Surgery by the ASBO working group. A systematic literature search was performed prior to the update of the guidelines to identify relevant new papers on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ASBO. Literature was critically appraised according to an evidence-based guideline development method. Final recommendations were approved by the workgroup, taking into account the level of evidence of the conclusion. Recommendations: Adhesion formation might be reduced by minimally invasive surgical techniques and the use of adhesion barriers. Non-operative treatment is effective in most patients with ASBO. Contraindications for non-operative treatment include peritonitis, strangulation, and ischemia. When the adhesive etiology of obstruction is unsure, or when contraindications for non-operative management might be present, CT is the diagnostic technique of choice. The principles of non-operative treatment are nil per os, naso-gastric, or long-tube decompression, and intravenous supplementation with fluids and electrolytes. When operative treatment is required, a laparoscopic approach may be beneficial for selected cases of simple ASBO. Younger patients have a higher lifetime risk for recurrent ASBO and might therefore benefit from application of adhesion barriers as both primary and secondary prevention. Discussion: This guideline presents recommendations that can be used by surgeons who treat patients with ASBO. Scientific evidence for some aspects of ASBO management is scarce, in particular aspects relating to special patient groups. Results of a randomized trial of laparoscopic versus open surgery for ASBO are awaited.Peer reviewe

The GRAVITY+ Project: Towards All-sky, Faint-Science, High-Contrast Near-Infrared Interferometry at the VLTI

The GRAVITY instrument has been revolutionary for near-infrared interferometry by pushing sensitivity and precision to previously unknown limits. With the upgrade of GRAVITY and the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) in GRAVITY+, these limits will be pushed even further, with vastly improved sky coverage, as well as faint-science and high-contrast capabilities. This upgrade includes the implementation of wide-field off-axis fringe-tracking, new adaptive optics systems on all Unit Telescopes, and laser guide stars in an upgraded facility. GRAVITY+ will open up the sky to the measurement of black hole masses across cosmic time in hundreds of active galactic nuclei, use the faint stars in the Galactic centre to probe General Relativity, and enable the characterisation of dozens of young exoplanets to study their formation, bearing the promise of another scientific revolution to come at the VLTI.Comment: Published in the ESO Messenge

Zur Charakterisierung von Verfahren zur Emissionsminderung mittels eines DV-gestuetzten Informationssystems: Entwicklung einer relationalen Datenbank fuer Verfahren zur SO-2- und NO-X-Minderung bei stationaeren Feuerungsanlagen

Available from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel A 194138 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Heterotrimeric G-proteins in green algae

Heterotrimeric G-proteins (G-proteins, hereafter) are important signaling components in all eukaryotes. The absence of these proteins in the sequenced genomes of Chlorophycean green algae has raised questions about their evolutionary origin and prevalence in the plant lineage. The existence of G-proteins has often been correlated with the acquisition of embryophytic life-cycle and/or terrestrial habitats of plants which occurred around 450 million years ago. Our discovery of functional G-proteins in Chara braunii, a representative of the Charophycean green algae, establishes the existence of this conserved signaling pathway in the most basal plants and dates it even further back to 1–1.5 billion years ago. We have now identified the sequence homologs of G-proteins in additional algal families and propose that green algae represent a model system for one of the most basal forms of G-protein signaling known to exist to date. Given the possible differences that exist between plant and metazoan G-protein signaling mechanisms, such basal organisms will serve as important resources to trace the evolutionary origin of proposed mechanistic differences between the systems as well as their plant-specific functions

Characterization of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex and its regulator from the green alga chara braunii expands the evolutionary breadth of plant G-protein signaling

The lack of heterotrimeric G-protein homologs in the sequenced genomes of green algae has led to the hypothesis that, in plants, this signaling mechanism coevolved with the embryophytic life cycle and the acquisition of terrestrial habitat. Given the large evolutionary gap that exists between the chlorophyte green algae and most basal land plants, the bryophytes, we evaluated the presence of this signaling complex in a charophyte green alga, Chara braunii, proposed to be the closest living relative of land plants. The C. braunii genome encodes for the entire G-protein complex, the Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, and the REGULATOR OF G-PROTEIN SIGNALING (RGS) protein. The biochemical properties of these proteins and their cross-species functionality show that they are functional homologs of canonical G-proteins. The subunit-specific interactions between CbGα and CbGβ, CbGβ and CbGγ, and CbGα and CbRGS are also conserved, establishing the existence of functional G-protein complex-based signaling mechanisms in green algae

Measurement of GTP-Binding and GTPase activity of heterotrimeric Gα proteins

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are important signaling intermediates in all eukaryotes. These proteins link signal perception by a cell surface localized receptor to the downstream effectors of a given signaling pathways. The minimal core of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex consists of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins. Signal transduction by heterotrimeric G-proteins is controlled by the distinct biochemical activities of Gα protein, which binds and hydrolyses GTP. Evaluation of the rate of GTP binding, the rate of GTP hydrolysis, and the rate of GTP/GDP exchange on Gα protein are required to better understand the mechanistic aspects of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling, which remains significantly limited for the plant G-proteins. Here we describe the optimized methods for measurement of the distinct biochemical activities of the Arabidopsis Gα protein