Survey on Additive Manufacturing, Cloud 3D Printing and Services

Cloud Manufacturing (CM) is the concept of using manufacturing resources in a service oriented way over the Internet. Recent developments in Additive Manufacturing (AM) are making it possible to utilise resources ad-hoc as replacement for traditional manufacturing resources in case of spontaneous problems in the established manufacturing processes. In order to be of use in these scenarios the AM resources must adhere to a strict principle of transparency and service composition in adherence to the Cloud Computing (CC) paradigm. With this review we provide an overview over CM, AM and relevant domains as well as present the historical development of scientific research in these fields, starting from 2002. Part of this work is also a meta-review on the domain to further detail its development and structure

Early motor trajectories predict motor but not cognitive function in preterm- and term-born adults without pre-existing neurological conditions

Very preterm (VP; 0.05). Motor problems in childhood were homotypically associated with poorer motor competence in adulthood. Similarly, early cognitive problems were homotypically associated with adult cognitive outcomes. Thus, both motor and cognitive function should be assessed in routine follow-up during childhood

General cognitive but not mathematic abilities predict very preterm and healthy term born adults’ wealth

Objective Very preterm (<32 weeks gestation; VP) and/or very low birth weight (<1500g; VLBW) children often have cognitive and mathematic difficulties. It is unknown whether VP/VLBW children’s frequent mathematic problems significantly add to the burden of negative life-course consequences over and above effects of more general cognitive deficits. Our aim was to determine whether negative consequences of VP/VLBW versus healthy term birth on adult wealth are mediated by mathematic abilities in childhood, or rather explained by more general cognitive abilities. Methods 193 VP/VLBW and 217 healthy term comparison participants were studied prospectively from birth to adulthood as part of a geographically defined study in Bavaria (South Germany). Mathematic and general cognitive abilities were assessed at 8 years with standardized tests; wealth information was assessed at 26 years with a structured interview and summarized into a comprehensive index score. All scores were z-standardized. Results At 8 years, VP/VLBW (n = 193, 52.3% male) had lower mathematic and general cognitive abilities than healthy term comparison children (n = 217, 47.0% male). At 26 years, VP/VLBW had accumulated significantly lower overall wealth than term born comparison adults (-0.57 (1.08) versus -0.01 (1.00), mean difference 0.56 [0.36–0.77], p < .001). Structural equation modeling confirmed that VP/VLBW birth (β = -.13, p = .022) and childhood IQ (β = .24, p < .001) both directly predicted adult wealth, but math did not (β = .05, p = .413). Analyses were controlled for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth, child sex, and family socioeconomic status. Conclusion This longitudinal study from birth to adulthood shows that VP/VLBW survivors’ general cognitive rather than specific mathematic problems explain their diminished life-course success. These findings are important in order to design effective interventions at school age that reduce the burden of prematurity for those individuals who were born at highest neonatal risk

General cognitive but not mathematic abilities predict very preterm and healthy term born adults’ wealth

Objective Very preterm (\u3c32 weeks gestation; VP) and/or very low birth weight (\u3c1500g; VLBW) children often have cognitive and mathematic difficulties. It is unknown whether VP/VLBW children’s frequent mathematic problems significantly add to the burden of negative life-course consequences over and above effects of more general cognitive deficits. Our aim was to determine whether negative consequences of VP/VLBW versus healthy term birth on adult wealth are mediated by mathematic abilities in childhood, or rather explained by more general cognitive abilities. Methods 193 VP/VLBW and 217 healthy term comparison participants were studied prospectively from birth to adulthood as part of a geographically defined study in Bavaria (South Germany). Mathematic and general cognitive abilities were assessed at 8 years with standardized tests; wealth information was assessed at 26 years with a structured interview and summarized into a comprehensive index score. All scores were z-standardized. Results At 8 years, VP/VLBW (n = 193, 52.3% male) had lower mathematic and general cognitive abilities than healthy term comparison children (n = 217, 47.0% male). At 26 years, VP/VLBW had accumulated significantly lower overall wealth than term born comparison adults (-0.57 (1.08) versus -0.01 (1.00), mean difference 0.56 [0.36–0.77], p \u3c .001). Structural equation modeling confirmed that VP/VLBW birth (β = -.13, p = .022) and childhood IQ (β = .24, p \u3c .001) both directly predicted adult wealth, but math did not (β = .05, p = .413). Analyses were controlled for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth, child sex, and family socioeconomic status. Conclusion This longitudinal study from birth to adulthood shows that VP/VLBW survivors’ general cognitive rather than specific mathematic problems explain their diminished life-course success. These findings are important in order to design effective interventions at school age that reduce the burden of prematurity for those individuals who were born at highest neonatal risk

Der Fachtext als komplexes Wissenssystem. Ein interdisziplinäres Konzept.

The increasing interest of the current LSP research in cognitive science has led to a broadening and deepening of its subject-matter, now including the communicativecognitive procedures of information transfer and mental processing of information at all levels of LSP communication. As a consequence of this paradigmatic change, LSP research has been confronted with the comprehensive analysis of knowledge systems being transformed by encoding processes into language elements and relations at the textual level (Baumann 1992, 146-149). A great number of LSP text analyses have demonstrated that LSP is a regular part of the process of specialist thinking (Baumann 1994). Undoubtedly, this insight has paved the way for a methodologically promising interdisciplinary analysis of the interrelation between language and thinking. In this context the communicative aspect of LSP is to be considered as the result of multiple, highly interactive knowledge systems. Because knowledge systems as the initial and final part of LSP communication cannot be observed directly, LSP research and cognitive science together must try to re-construct knowledge components and strategies in various fields of specialist actions. When dealing with these crucial problems it becomes apparent that a typology of knowledge is an unavoidable precondition for studying the language realisation of knowledge structures. From the methodological and methodical point of view it seems to be promising to include all those structural and functional elements and relations into this theory which play - on the various hierarchical levels of communication - an important role in text and information processing. This work is based upon an inductive-empirical analysis of English and German LSP texts - all belonging to one and the same text form, article (articles from an encyclopedia, scientific articles, popular-science articles) - from the fields of medicine and linguistics in English and German. Our interdisciplinary approach to the LSP text corpus is based upon descriptive, functional, structural, comparative, statistical and other methods. Finally, we have found that ten different, hierarchically working types of knowledge do determine LSP communication: i.e. the intercultural, social and situational, metacognitive, specialized, functional, textual, syntactical, stylistic and semantic

Reações de compostos carbonilicos com acido barbiturico e 1,3-dimetilbarbiturico

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciencias Fisicas e MatematicasAs reações envolvendo o ataque nucleofílico de uma base nitrogenada sobre o grupo carbonila como centro eletrofílico, têm grande interesse do ponto de vista do estudo do mecanismo de reações como também bioquímico, pois uma boa parte das reações enzimáticas se realizam por esses mecanismos. Com o objetivo de comparar e ampliar o conhecimento desse tipo de reações foram estudadas as reações de íons barbiturato e 1,3-dimetilbarbiturato com o o- e p-nitrobenzaldeido e 2,4-dinitrobenzaldeido. O comportamento das reações mostra-se semelhante ao das bases nitrogenadas com compostos carbonílicos. As reações do ácido barbitúrico com o- e p-nitrobenzaldeído apresentam um perfil de log k2 (k2 = constante de velocidade de segunda ordem) vs pH do tipo A (segundo Sayer) modificado. As reações entre o ácido barbitúrico 1,3-dimetilbarbitúrico com 2,4-dinitrobenzaldeído mostraram um perfil de log k2 vs pH de tipo B. Este perfil deve apresentar uma região de pH onde ocorre somente a transferência de um próton do hidrônio a um intermediário da reação. Os gráficos de Brönsted não mostraram uma quebra na linearidade (Curva de Eigen). No entanto, a dependência da velocidade de reação com a viscosidade do solvente (água/glicerol 50/50 v/v), o grande efeito isotópico determinado (kD2O / kD2O = 4,20) e o ponto experimental correspondente ao hidrônio, indicam que esta região corresponde a uma transferência de próton controlada por difusão de hidrônio para um intermediário T, como etapa determinante da velocidade

In vivo bone remodeling rates determination and compressive stiffness variations before, during 60 days bed rest and two years follow up: A micro-FE-analysis from HR-pQCT measurements of the berlin Bed Rest Study-2

Bed rest studies are used for simulation and study of physiological changes as observed in unloading/non-gravity environments. Amongst others, bone mass reduction, similar as occurring due to aging osteoporosis, combined with bio-fluids redistribution and muscle atrophy have been observed and analyzed. Advanced radiological methods of high resolution such as HR-pQCT (XtremeCT) allow 3D-visualizing in vivo bone remodeling processes occurring during absence/reduction of mechanical stimuli (0 to &lt;1&nbsp;g) as simulated by bed rest. Induced bone micro-structure (e.g. trabecular number, cortical thickness, porosity) and density variations can be quantified. However, these parameters are average values of each sample and important information regarding bone mass distribution and within bone mechanical behaviour is lost. Finite element models with hexa-elements of identical size as the HR-pQCT measurements (0.082&nbsp;mm&times;0.082&nbsp;mm&times;0.082&nbsp;mm, ca. 7E6 elements/sample) can be used for subject-specific in vivo stiffness calculation. This technique also allows quantifying if bone microstructural changes represent a risk of mechanical bone collapse (fracture). Materials and methods In the Berlin Bed Rest Study-2, 23 male subjects (20&ndash;50 YO) were maintained 60 days under restricted bed rest (6&deg; HDT) aiming to test a - for this study specifically designed - vibration resistive exercise regime for maintenance of bone mass and muscle functionality at normal levels (base line measurements). For comparison a resistive exercise without vibration and a control group were included. Base line HR-pQCT measurements (3 days before bed rest: base line), as well as during 30 days bed rest (BR30 and BR59, 3 days of recovery (R3), R15, R30, R90, R180, R360, and R720 were performed. CT-scan voxels were converted into finite elements (hexa-82&nbsp;&micro;m edge length) for calculating in vivo compressive stiffness during the experiment duration. Histograms of stresses and strains distributions as well as anatomical regions susceptible for mechanical failure were identified and compared. Results: Resistive vibration exercises (RVE) were able to maintain in the majority of the subjects compressive bone strength as determined after modelling a compressive test using finite element models. Compressive bone stiffness using FEA was monitored through analysis of the internal deformation on the trabecular structures and cortical bone, reaction forces, and minimum principal strains on the in vivo CT measured bone regions during the experiment duration. Stress distributions (main stresses) and von Mises stress distribution remained comparable with those determined in the base line measurements for the RVE-group. However, no major differences were found in the group with resistive exercise training alone. Without mechanical stimuli an increment of bone regions with high stress concentration was observed and a reduction of up to 10% of bone compressive stiffness was quantified by using subject-specific finite-element analysis. Anatomically von Mises stress concentrations, thus bone regions susceptible to fail mechanically, were observed at the center of the cancellous bone and at the antero- posterior region of the cortical bone. Conclusions: Finite element simulations from bed rest studies are an invaluable tool to determine subject-specific in vivo compressive stiffness and anatomical mechanically compromised regions under controlled mechanical conditions (unloading) which - until now - are not possible to be determined with any other method. Vibration exercise combined with a resistive compressive force was able to maintain bone structure and density even during 60 days of bed rest