224 research outputs found
Flood reconstruction using botanical evidence in Rapentosa catchment, in Marathon, Greece.
Η δενδρομορφολογία έχει αποτελέσει στο παρελθόν σημαντικό εργαλείο στην ανάλυση πλημμυρών, ειδικότερα στις περιοχές όπου τα ενόργανα υδρολογικά δεδομένα είναι ελλειπή. Η παρούσα μελέτη εστιάζει στην ανάλυση πληγών πρόσκρουσης στη βλάστηση, οι οποίες δημιουργήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια πλημμυρικών επεισοδίων, στο ρέμα της Ραπεντώσας, στην περιοχή του Μαραθώνα. Για το σκοπό αυτό, εξετάσθηκαν οι συνθήκες ροής και οι διαστάσεις τις κοίτης στις υπό μελέτη θέσεις, και υπολογίσθηκε η απορροή. Παράλληλα, λήφθηκαν πυρήνες με τη χρήση ειδικού οργάνου με σκοπό την χρονολόγηση των πληγών αυτών. Ακολούθως, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η τεχνική της υδραυλικής προσομοίωσης με σκοπό την αναπαράσταση της πλημμύρας με τη μεγαλύτερη απορροή. Από την ανάλυση προέκυψαν απορροές μεταξύ 17.1 m3/s και 84.9 m3/s κατά τη διάρκεια τουλάχιστον τριών πλημμυρικών γεγονότων το 1996, το 1998 και το 2001. Από την μοντελοποίηση του συμβάντος του 2001, το οποίο παρουσίασε τις υψηλότερες τιμές απορροής, υπολογίσθηκε η έκταση και το βάθος της πλημμύρας.Botanical evidence has been used in the past for flash flood analysis, especially when instrumental data were scarce. This work focuses on the use of such evidence as a tool to study flash flood phenomena in Rapentosa torrent, in Marathon, Greece. To this aim, impact scars induced during past flood events on trees along the torrent , were considered water stage indicators and were used to determine discharge magnitude of these flow episodes. Samples extracted from the scarred specimens with the aid of an increment borer, were used to date these impacts wounds. 1-D h y-draulic modeling was used to provide a reconstruction of the highest-discharge event, while results were cross-examined with historical damages to verify the out-come of the analysis. Analysis showed a total of 22 impact wounds along the torrent indicating discharge values between 17.1 m3/s and 84.9 m3/s during past flow episodes. Three flash flood events were identified in 1996, 1998 and 2001. Hydraulic modeling of the 2001 event, which presented the highest flow values, illustrated its extent and water depth across the flood plain, presenting good correlation with the available documentary evidence
Changes in flood mortality during the last 50 years in Greece.
Η παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζει την θνησιμότητα που συνδέεται με πλημμυρικά φαινόμενα στον Ελληνικό χώρο. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό αναπτύσσεται μια βάση δεδομένων 189 θανάτων, της περιόδου 1960-2010, με λεπτομερή στοιχεία για κάθε θανατηφόρο συμβάν. Με βάση το συστηματικό αυτό αρχείο εξετάζονται οι μεταβολές στον αριθμό, τη χωρική κατανομή, τις συνθήκες κάθε περιστατικού και τα δημογραφικά στοιχεία των θυμάτων. Από τα αποτελέσματα προκύπτει η υπερεκπροσώπηση των ανδρών, των νέων και των ηλικιωμένων ατόμων μεταξύ των θυμάτων, μολονότι τα άτομα μεταξύ 20 και 65 ετών καταγράφουν σημαντική αύξηση. Παρότι οι θάνατοι παρουσιάζονται μοιρασμένα σε αστικά και μη αστικά περιβάλλοντα, τα τελευταία χρόνια η πλειοψηφία των θανάτων καταγράφεται εκτός αστικού χώρου. Από την ανάλυση προκύπτει επίσης ότι οι θάνατοι που σχετίζονται με τη χρήση οχημάτων παρουσιάζουν αυξητική τάση αντίθετα με τους θανάτους πεζών και τους θανάτους εντός οικημάτων. Τα πολύνεκρα πλημμυρικά συμβάντα παρουσιάζουν σταδιακά εξαφανίζονται, μολονότι ο αριθμός των νεκρών δεν παρουσιάζει σημαντική μείωση. Τέλος, προκύπτει ότι μεταξύ των διαφόρων αιτιών θανάτου ο πνιγμός παρουσιάζει τα μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά.This work focuses on the changes that occur in the circumstances under which flood fatalities occur in Greece. To this aim, this paper develops and studies a database of 189 flood-related deaths, between 1960 and 2010, consisting of variables describing the conditions during the time of each incident. Changes in the number and the spatial distribution of fatalities, together with changes in the conditions, the surrounding environment and the demographics of the victims are investigated. Results showed that males, youngsters and elderly people presented an overrepresentation among the decedents, although individuals between 20 and 65 showed a significant increase among the victims, especially during the last decades of the study period. Fatal flood events were found to be approximately equally divided between urban and rural environments. However, fatal incidents appear to gradually migrate from urban centers to rural environments. Vehicle-related fatalities showed a gradual increase, whereas pedestrian victims and indoors incidents show an opposite trend. Fatalities per flood event presented a significant decline, although in absolute numbers, flood deaths did not show a respectively important decreasing trend. Among different causes of death drowning was found to be the most common throughout the study period
Comparing flood mortality in Portugal and Greece (Western and Eastern Mediterranean)
For the first time flood mortality is analysed and compared between a Western (Portugal) and an Eastern
Mediterranean country (Greece). Flood fatalities are examined and compared in terms of frequency, temporal evolution, spatial distribution, deadliest flood types, gender of the victims, circumstances surrounding fatalities, and individual and societal risk.
A common flood fatalities database was formed for the period 1960–2010 by merging the DISASTER database for Portugal and the Greek database.
Individual flood cases generated more deaths in Greece than in Portugal (excluding an outlier flash flood
event in the latter). Despite some fluctuations evidence of a gradual decrease in fatality numbers were recorded for both countries. Since the 1980's the number of flood cases with multiple fatalities has been gradually declining, due to changes in qualitative characteristics of mortality. Flood fatalities predominantly occur during autumn in Greece and during winter in Portugal.
In both Greece and Portugal flash floods were responsible for more than 80% of the total mortality. The main
metropolitan areas of each country were found to be hotspots of flood mortality; a trend connected, with the
higher population density along the coastal areas combined with the expansion of urban fabric towards floodprone
areas.
Gender distribution of fatalities indicates that males are more vulnerable in both countries. The circumstances surrounding fatalities showed that fatalities occurring inside buildings have been gradually reducing in time, while vehicle-related deaths have been rising, showing that individuals hold an active role when they voluntarily enter in floodwaters during a flood.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Flood fatalities in Athens, Greece: 1880- 2010.
Η επίπτωση των αστικών πλημμυρών σε ανθρώπινες ζωές είναι ένα από τα σημαντικότερα ζητήματα στην αντιμετώπιση του πλημμυρικού κινδύνου. Η παρούσα μελέτη εστιάζει στην ανάλυση των θανάτων από πλημμύρες στην περιοχή του Λεκανοπεδίου Αθηνών μεταξύ 1880 και 2010. Για το σκοπό αυτό, αναπτύσσεται μια βάση δεδομένων, σε περιβάλλον GIS , με αναλυτικά στοιχεία για τη χωρική και χρονική τοποθέτηση των συγκεκριμένων συμβάντων και δημογραφικές πληροφορίες για τα θύματα. Τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης δείχνουν μια σταδιακή μείωση των θυμάτων, μολονότι τα πλημμυρικά φαινόμενα γίνονται ολοένα και πιο συχνά. Παράλληλα, προκύπτει υπερεκπροσώπηση των ανδρών, των νέων και των ηλικιωμένων ατόμων ανάμεσα στα θύματα. Η μεγαλύτερη συγκέντρωση θανάτων εμφανίζεται στα κεντρικά και δυτικά τμήματα του λεκανοπεδίου, ενώ παρατηρείται σταδιακή μετατόπιση των θέσεων θανατηφόρων συμβάντων από τα κεντρικά προς τα περιφερειακά τμήματα της πόλης, γεγονός που σχετίζεται με την παράλληλη επέκταση του αστικού ιστού και των ανθρώπινων δραστηριοτήτων στις περιοχές αυτές κατά την περίοδο μελέτης.Flood-related deaths in urban environments constitute a major issue in flood risk management especially during the last decades, as global urban population grows larger. This work focuses on the analysis of flood-related fatalities in Athens metropolitan area, in Greece between 1880 and 2010. To this aim, a database is compiled, recording spatial and temporal distribution of fatal flood incidents, along with demographic information on the victims. GIS is used to map and spatially analyze the incidents in question and to examine possible migration trends. Results showed a total of 182 fatalities across Athens basin, presenting a decreasing trend, even though flood event numbers are rising. Males, youngsters and elderly people showed an overrepresentation amongst the victims in comparison with the country’s general population. Fatal incidents presented a higher spatial density in the central and southwestern parts of the city indicating a higher persistence of flood phenomena in these areas. A gradual migration of fatality locations, from the central parts of the city, towards the outer suburbs during the study period was identified following the city’s spatial expansion
Vulnerability of transport infrastructure to extreme weather events in small rural catchments
Across the Mediterranean region, extreme weather events (EWE), such as high-intensity storms causing flooding in small river basins, are one of the most common types of hydrometeorological hazards. Flooding has been associated with severe effects on road networks and a significant number of vehicle-related fatalities, raising concerns regarding the performance of transportation infrastructure during EWEs. Given the expected increase in frequency of such events within the context of climate change, an assessment of its vulnerability is particularly crucial. The work presented herein evaluates the performance of transportation infrastructure during high-intensity storms. This research focuses on small rural catchments, examining the impact of five extreme storm events in five rural basins in Greece. Post-flood surveys were conducted, to record the impact of inundation on each infrastructure element in the five catchments. Overall, findings showed that road infrastructure, especially river crossings, performed poorly, restricting access to large areas during and after the events, affecting the safety of commuters and sustaining extensive damages. On average, it was found that 73% of the river crossings and 11.5% of the total length of the road network were inundated or damaged, while a total of 12 individuals died during the events. The results revealed that the impact of flooding in the transportation infrastructure of small rural basins was severe and a threat to human life. The findings of this study indicate that authorities should consider taking measures during EWEs, reexamine the safety features of the relevant infrastructure and assess the risk related to its failure
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