11 research outputs found

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

    Get PDF
    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    Complications et facteurs pronostiques des vessies neurogĂšnes

    Get PDF
    Introduction: Les complications des vessies neurogĂšnes peuvent engager le pronostic vital. Objectifs: dĂ©terminer les complications uronĂ©phrologiques des vessies neurogĂšnes et identifier les facteurs de risque. Patients et mĂ©thodes: Nous avons effectuĂ© une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective, portant sur 79 patients recrutĂ©s au service de MĂ©decine Physique et RĂ©adaptation Fonctionnelle du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, pour une exploration urodynamique. Les dossiers des patients prĂ©sentant des vessies neurogĂšnes ont Ă©tĂ© inclus. RĂ©sultats: L’ñge moyen a Ă©tĂ© de 20,5 ans avec une prĂ©dominance fĂ©minine. Les troubles urinaires ont Ă©tĂ© dominĂ©s par les fuites (51,9%). La durĂ©e d’évolution a Ă©tĂ© plus longue chez les enfants (6,5 ans). Les vessies neurologiques ont Ă©tĂ© souvent associĂ©es Ă  une atteinte mĂ©dullaire. Les vessies neurogĂšnes ont reprĂ©sentĂ© 55,7% des cas. L’infection urinaire Ă  rĂ©pĂ©tition (34,2%), l’urĂ©tĂ©ro-hydronĂ©phrose (22,8%), le reflux vesico-urĂ©tĂ©ral (20,2%), l’insuffisance rĂ©nale chronique terminale (6,3%) ont Ă©tĂ© les principales complications. Ces complications ont concernĂ© plus frĂ©quemment les enfants (69,56%) et les patients avec une hypocompliance (92,85%). Conclusion: Le principal facteur de risque de survenue de complications au cours des vessies neurologiques et neurogĂšnes a Ă©tĂ© l’hypocompliance d’oĂč l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’exploration urodynamique dans la prise en charge des troubles urinaires

    Atlas des relations homme-rat noir-zoonoses au Sénégal : contribution interdisciplinaire à l'approche One Health

    No full text
    En observant et analysant la propagation du rat noir (Rattus rattus) au SĂ©nĂ©gal, cet ouvrage souligne la dynamique spatiale d'un rĂ©servoir animal emblĂ©matique de zoonoses. Dans les confins orientaux du territoire sĂ©nĂ©galais, ce rongeur commensal profite de la transformation des environnements et de la croissance des Ă©changes marchands pour s'installer lĂ  oĂč il est absent. L'Ă©tude du modĂšle dynamique fournit de nouvelles informations aux acteurs de la santĂ© publique et de l'amĂ©nagement du territoire dans le but de prĂ©venir les risques d'Ă©mergence Ă©pidĂ©miques. L'atlas est issu du programme CHANCIRA (CHANgements environnementaux. Circulation de biens et de personnes: de l'invasion de rĂ©servoirs Ă  l'apparition d'anthropozoonoses. Le cas du rat noir dans l'espace sĂ©nĂ©galais) et de la collaboration interdisciplinaire entre chercheurs de plusieurs Ă©tablissements partenaires (l'IRD, l'IPD, l'universitĂ© Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakara, l'universitĂ© de Ziguinchor, l'universitĂ© Paris Nanterre et l'universitĂ© de Strasbourg). Les deux premiers ensembles de cartes sont rĂ©alisĂ©s Ă  partir de documents d'archives, de donnĂ©es d'enquĂȘtes qualitatives et quantitatives et d'entretiens. Les informations ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©unies et homogĂ©nĂ©isĂ©es dans un systĂšme d'information spatialisĂ© propice au dĂ©veloppement de requĂȘtes croisĂ©es : sur la durĂ©e du XXe siĂšcle, pour suivre la diffusion de Rattus rattus dans le territoire sĂ©nĂ©galais; sur les vingt derniĂšres annĂ©es, pour affiner l'Ă©tude des dynamiques spatiales du rat noir dans l'est du SĂ©nĂ©gal. Le troisiĂšme ensemble de cartes dĂ©voile la dynamique actuelle du rongeur dans des espaces particuliers des rĂ©gions de Tambacounda et KĂ©dougou. Les rĂ©sultats issus d'enquĂȘtes gĂ©ographiques, rodentologiques, entomologiques et virologiques restituent diffĂ©rentes informations : environnements domestiques et villageois, modes de vie et mobilitĂ©s, rĂ©partition des espĂšces de rongeurs dans et hors des habitations, distribution des vecteurs d'arboviroses, prĂ©lĂšvements sĂ©rologiques et virologiques sur les populations humaines et animales. Ces donnĂ©es aident Ă  mieux comprendre les processus liĂ©s Ă  l'expansion de Rattus rattus, susceptibles d'engendrer un risque important de zoonoses pour les populations humaines. L'Atlas des relations homme-rat noir-zoonoses au SĂ©nĂ©gal insiste sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© de s'affranchir de toute logique dĂ©terministe, au profit d'une mise en situation gĂ©ographique et Ă©cologique des acteurs et vecteurs de la transmission et d'une comprĂ©hension territoriale globale des processus
    corecore