Leaching of Phthalate Esters from Microplastics into Seawater

The work presented in this thesis helps in improving the available knowledge of the leaching process of PAEs from plastics under different environmental conditions. Particularly, in proper assigning the re-adsorption loss in the measurement of total leachates in water. On the other hand, the latest information regarding the distribution of PAEs and plastic waste and their ecological risk in the surface waters of the Red Sea and Sharm Obhur Bay is reported. An improved method for the analysis of PAEs was developed, including the control of blank contamination, and the experimental conditions such as extraction time and temperature were optimized. This information may be useful in the analysis of PAEs where it can be of great importance to obtain a precise determination of plastic additives in the complex environmen

A Study on the Economic Impact and Preventive Measures about Covid-19 in Tamilnadu

This paper represents the COVID-19 Economic impact and pandemic that’s affecting our globe widely. The virus is sweeping across the world, parting a trail of efficient and group dent in its wake. Coronavirus has gone with new evils and miseries in the large-scale nation and health. The profitable force of the coronavirus is subsequently critical that the experts predicted that the forthcoming large scale depression would be as like as the 1929 terrible depression or at slightest will cross over the 2008 monetary crisis. Countries adopted a national scale lockdown as a head march to enclose the coronavirus. For that altogether, money-making behavior and everyday energy stopped, barren cities and the street feels like hollows. The macro monetary brunt of the coronavirus and the outlook of the macro cost-cutting measure after the epidemic ends. Corona infection is increasing rapidly in India and the number of people falling victim to the coronavirus infection. The coronavirus disease continues to increase across humankind next to a path that is tough to predict. The health, caring and socio-economic policies adopted by countries will control the rate and dilution of the recovery. The World Health Organization and health experts and doctors are advising people to be safe to raise awareness

Harmonic Mean Labelling For Some Special Graphs

A graph G=(V,E) with p vertices and q edges is said to be a mean graph if it is possible to label the vertices with distinct elements f(x) from 0,1,2,…..q in such a way that when each edge is labelled with if is even and if is odd, then the resulting edge labels are distinct. is called a mean labelling of G. Here, we investigate the mean labelling of caterpillar, dragon, arbitrary super subdivision of a path and some graphs which are obtained from cycles and stars

RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Diclofenac Sodium in Soft Gelatin Capsule Dosage form

OBJECTIVE AND PLAN:The drug analysis plays an important role in all aspects regarding the drug right the development to the therapeutic use of the drug. Industries manufacturing pharmaceutical must ensure that the raw material used and the final product obtained meets the required specification to fulfill this purpose they rely upon quantitative chemical analysis. The Literature survey indicates that a very few methods were developed for the estimation of Diclofenac Sodium by RP-HPLC. So an attempt was made to develop a new RP-HPLC method which is more reliable, economical and flexible. The objective of the present work is to develop a new method of estimation for Diclofenac Sodium in all formulations. So an attempt was made to develop and validate a simple, precise, accurate, linear and rapid RP-HPLC method as per ICH guidelines for the estimation of Diclofenac Sodium in pure pharmaceutical dosage forms and to apply the developed method to determine the validation of compounds. Plan of Work To obtain thorough knowledge of Practical RP-HPLC method. To establish the initial chromatographic conditions for method development of assay for Diclofenac Sodium . To validate the developed method a per the Q2 specifications of ICH guidelines SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: A RP-HPLC method is developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for simultaneous estimation of Diclofenac Sodium in soft gelatin dosage form. In present study an attempt has been made to modify experimental condition, in order to estimate the drugs. The mobile phase was selected after trying various combinations of polar solvents. The proportion of solvents and variation of buffers was found to be quite critical as slight variation in it adversely affected the resolution of peaks. Considering all the fact the following parameter were finally fixed for this method Chromatographic conditions: Equipment : High performance liquid chromatography Column : C18, 15 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm Flow Rate : 1.0 mL/minute Pump mode : Isocratic Detector wavelength : 254 nm Injection volume : 20 μL Column Temperature : 25.0˚C Sample Temperature : 20.0˚C Run time : 7 Min The proposed method was found to be rapid, accurate, precise, specific, robust, rugged and economical. The mobile phase is simple to prepare and economical. The sample recoveries in all formulations were in good agreement with their respective label claims and they suggested non-interference of formulation excipients in the estimation. This method is also having an advantage than reported method that the retention time of the drugs is below 8 mins and the drugs can be assayed with the short time. Thus the method is not time consuming and can be used in laboratories for the routine analysis of combination drugs

Value Co-creation in Fintech Ecosystem: A Case Study of Australia

The development of the Fintech Ecosystem brings radical socio-economic value by increasing entrepreneurship, innovation, and financial inclusion. Yet, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how value is co-created among the actors in the Fintech Ecosystem. The research objective is to conduct an in-depth case study in the Australian Fintech Ecosystem to explore the processes and mechanisms of value co-creation. Our study develops a framework for understanding value co-creation facilitated through digital affordance infrastructure. The study has several potential theoretical contributions to the literature on Fintech Ecosystem development by providing insights into antecedent conditions, mechanisms, paradoxical tensions, and outcome attributes derived from the framework. For practitioners, our framework could assist regulators and organizations within the ecosystem in gaining a deeper understanding of the processes necessary for continued success. Regulators could adjust the intensity of controls in response to environmental uncertainties and tensions

Indium tin oxide thin film preparation and property relationship for humidity sensing: a review.

This review aims to present a critical overview of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film preparation methods, structure–property relationship and its application in humidity sensing. A range of passive and active humidity sensors with thin films (based on metal oxides) detect humidity. ITO thin film has advantageous properties, such as low resistivity and high stability, making it highly suitable for humidity sensing applications. ITO thin film has shown an efficient level of humidity sensing and a compatible size of humidity sensor can monitor the interface conditions' humidity. So far, the application of ITO thin film for humidity measurement has yet to be explored at commercial scale, specifically in the detection of lower environmental humidity range (below 5% relative humidity (RH)). The research reveals a gap in improving ITO thin film properties with an optimal range of preparation conditions. The research opportunities in the preparation, properties, characteristics and efficient humidity sensitivity of ITO thin film are reviewed in this work

A survey of carbon nanotube interconnects for energy efficient integrated circuits

This article is a review of the state-of-art carbon nanotube interconnects for Silicon application with respect to the recent literature. Amongst all the research on carbon nanotube interconnects, those discussed here cover 1) challenges with current copper interconnects, 2) process & growth of carbon nanotube interconnects compatible with back-end-of-line integration, and 3) modeling and simulation for circuit-level benchmarking and performance prediction. The focus is on the evolution of carbon nanotube interconnects from the process, theoretical modeling, and experimental characterization to on-chip interconnect applications. We provide an overview of the current advancements on carbon nanotube interconnects and also regarding the prospects for designing energy efficient integrated circuits. Each selected category is presented in an accessible manner aiming to serve as a survey and informative cornerstone on carbon nanotube interconnects relevant to students and scientists belonging to a range of fields from physics, processing to circuit design

Investigation of Pt-salt-doped-standalone-multiwall carbon nanotubes for on-chip interconnect applications

In this paper, we investigate, by combining electrical measurements with an atomistic-to-circuit modeling approach, the conductance of doped standalone multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a viable candidate for the next generation of back-end-of-line interconnects. Ab initio simulations predict a doping-related shift of the Fermi level, which reduces shell chirality variability and improves electrical resistivity up to 90% by converting semiconducting shells to metallic. Electrical measurements of Pt-salt-doped CNTs provide up to 50% of resistance reduction, which is a milestone result for future CNT interconnect technology. Moreover, we find that defects and contacts introduce additional resistance, which limits the efficiency of doping, and are the primary cause for the mismatch between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements on doped CNTs

An Improved Method for Measuring Phthalates in Seawater With Blank Contamination Using GC-MS

Quantification of phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) might be problematic due to matrix overlap, auto-self absorbance and background scattering noise by the plastic lab materials although plastics have been reported in the release of PAEs. These materials (ambient air, reagents bottles, sampling devices, and various analytical instruments), are ubiquitous in the laboratory environment, thereby making it more difficult to reliably analyze of trace concentration of PAEs. Thus, in the current study, a straight forward and reliable protocol has been established for the analysis of PAEs including control of blank contamination, and the experimental conditions such as extraction time and temperature were optimized. The mass of PAEs in blank tests of selected materials ranged from 3±0.7 to 35±6 ng for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and from 5±1.8 to 63±15 ng for solid-phase extraction (SPE). For both extraction methods, higher blank values were measured for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (35±6 ng, 12±3 ng), and DEHP (63±12 ng, 23±5 ng) in LLE and SPE, respectively. Average recoveries of PAEs in LLE were 90-97% and obtained with successive aliquots of 2 mL, 1 mL, and 1 mL dichloromethane (DCM). For SPE, recoveries up to 86-90% were achieved with successive aliquots of 5, 3, and 2 mL DCM at a sample flow rate of 5 mL min -1 . Under the optimized conditions, the method quantification limits (MQL) for PAEs was 10-20 ng L -1 for LLE and 10-35 ng L -1 for SPE. Moreover, the dissolved concentrations of PAEs from LDPE measured by the LLE method ranged < 1.5 to 5.83 ng cm -2, and those measured by SPE ranged from 1.0to256ngL -1 , in seawater samples of Sharm Obhur. The method has lower MQL values for LLE and SPE than average reported values of 10-100 ng L -1 and 30-100 ng L -1 , respectively

Biodegradation of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a Bacterial Consortium Isolated from the Red Sea of Jeddah

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered organic pollutants, which are stable, highly toxic, and carcinogenic. Therefore, it was necessary to find an environmentally friendly way to degrade these compounds and remove them from polluted environments. Water samples polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons were collected from the coast of Jeddah on the Red Sea - Saudi Arabia. The results of the current study showed the ability of bacterial consortium that was enriched from the coast of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons wastewater, which proved its ability to degrade PAHs in saline conditions. The bacterial union degraded BENZ compound by more than 95% at the concentration of 100 and 250 mg/L, while the degradation of this compound at the concentration of 1000 mg/L was recorded about 83% while the ANT degradation rate was recorded at more than 90% at different concentrations. In addition, this study revealed the ability of bacterial consortium to treat petroleum hydrocarbons wastewater in bioreactor (CSTR) with 92.7% of COD removed under saline conditions. Hence, this study recommends the investment of bacterial consortium in the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons wastewater in marine environments and to remove pollutants from them