Comparative analysis of the existing and proposed ETS

Emissions trading schemes (ETS) have been operational to control greenhouse gas emissions in European Union since 2005. Under the EU ETS, the governments of the Member States agree on national emission caps, allocate allowances to industrial operators, track and validate the actual emissions and retire allowances at the end of each year. ETS have been proposed to be introduced in New Zealand, Australia, Japan, US, Canada, Korea, India and two Chinese provinces in the near future. The main idea of the ETS is to create the market for pollution which will provide economic agents with incentives to reduce their emissions ( Stavins, et al., 2003). The design of ETS plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting environmental and economic sustainability. There are several designs of ETS including cap-and-trade, baseline-and-credit and hybrid, however, cap-and-trade scheme is the most popular among the proposed ETS. The purpose of this paper is to perform a comprehensive review of the existing and the proposed ETS focusing on design issues. Findings of this research will be useful for countries with existing and proposed ETS and for countries intending to adopt ETS in the future.Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), Sustainability, Cap-and-trade, Baseline-and-credit, Hybrid

Transverse Polarization of Top Quark Pairs at the Tevatron and the Large Hadron Collider

We investigate the prospects to observe effects of transverse polarization of top quarks in $pp,p\bar{p}\to t\bar{t}X$. QCD absorptive parts generate a polarization of top quarks and antiquarks transverse to the production plane in the partonic processes $q\bar{q}\to t\bar{t}$ and $gg\to t\bar{t}$, which reaches values of a few percent. These perturbative QCD effects are decreased at the hadronic level. A measurement through momentum correlations among the $t$ and $\bar{t}$ decay products will be difficult both at an upgraded Tevatron and at the LHC.Comment: 14 pages, LaTeX; 8 uuencoded, tar-compressed figures added separatel

Spin Dependent Fragmentation Functions for Heavy Flavor Baryons and Single Heavy Hyperon Polarization

Spin dependent fragmentation functions for heavy flavor quarks to fragment into heavy baryons are calculated in a quark-diquark model. The production of intermediate spin 1/2 and 3/2 excited states is explicity included. $\Lambda_b$ , $\Lambda_c$ and $\Xi_c$ production rate and polarization at LEP energies are calculated and, where possible, compared with experiment. A different approach, also relying on a heavy quark-diquark model, is proposed for the small momentum transfer inclusive production of polarized heavy flavor hyperons. The predicted $\Lambda_c$ polarization is roughly in agreement with experiment.Comment: LaTeX2e 11 pages with 4 PostScript figures. To be published in Proceedings of the International Workshop ``Symmetries and spin'', Praha-SPIN-200

Next-to-leading order QCD corrections to top quark spin correlations at hadron colliders: the reactions gg→ttˉ(g)g g \to t {\bar t} (g) and gq(qˉ)→ttˉq(qˉ)g q ({\bar q}) \to t {\bar t} q ({\bar q})

We have computed the cross section for $t\bar t$ production by gluon-gluon fusion at next-to-leading order (NLO) in the QCD coupling, keeping the full dependence on the $t\bar t$ spins. Furthermore we have determined to the same order the spin dependent cross sections for the processes $g + q ({\bar q})\to t {\bar t} + q ({\bar q})$. Together with our previous results for $q + {\bar q} \to t {\bar t} (g)$ these results allow for predictions, at NLO QCD, of the hadronic production of $t\bar t$ pairs in a general spin configuration. As an application we have determined the degree of correlation of the $t$ and $\bar t$ spins at NLO, using various spin quantisation axes.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure

Mixed QCD and weak corrections to top quark pair production at hadron colliders

The order $\alpha_s^2 \alpha$ mixed QCD and weak corrections to top quark pair production by quark antiquark annihilation are computed, keeping the full dependence on the $t$ and $\bar t$ spins. We determine the contributions to the cross section and to single and double top spin asymmetries at the parton level. These results are necessary ingredients for precise standard model predictions of top quark observables, in particular of top spin-induced parity-violating angular correlations and asymmetries at hadron colliders.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

QCD corrections to top quark spin correlations at hadron colliders

Future hadron collider experiments will allow for a detailed investigation of $t\bar{t}$ spin correlation effects. In this talk, recent progress in the theoretical description of these effects is reported. In particular, next-to-leading order results for the $t\bar t$ spin correlations in $q\bar{q}\to t\bar{t}X$ are presented, using various spin quantization axes.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. Talk presented at the conference `QCD 00', Montpellier, 6-13th July 2000, to appear in the proceeding

Supersymmetric Electroweak Parity Nonconservation in Top Quark Pair Production at the Fermilab Tevatron

We evaluate the supersymmetric (SUSY) electroweak corrections to the effect of parity nonconservation in $q {\bar q} \to t {\bar t}$ production at the Fermilab Tevatron predicted by the Minimal Supersymmetric Model (MSSM). We find that the parity nonconserving asymmetry from the SUSY electroweak and SUSY Yukawa loop corrections predicted by the minimal supergravity (mSUGRA) model and the MSSM models with scenarios motivated by current data is about one percent. It will be challenging to observe such a small asymmetry at the Tevatron with 10 fb^{-1} of luminosity. It could however be observable if both the top- and bottom-squarks are light and $\tan \beta$ is smaller than 1, though theses parameters are not favored by mSUGRA.Comment: revised version, some new numerical results adde

Spin-Spin Correlations of Top Quark Pairs at Hadron Colliders

Top quark pairs are produced with strongly correlated spins in the partonic reactions $q\bar{q}\to t\bar{t}$ and $gg\to t\bar{t}$. A complete description of these effects in terms of the spin density matrix of the $t\bar{t}$ system in leading order QCD is given. We further discuss the prospects to observe the spin-spin correlations at $p\bar{p}$ and $pp$ colliders by measuring suitable angular correlations among the $t$ and $\bar{t}$ decay products.Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX with 4 postscript figures, epsf macro include

Transverse Polarization of Top Quarks Produced at a Photon-Photon Collider

At future $\gamma \gamma$ colliders copious production of $t \bar{t}$ pairs is possible. This would allow a detailed investigation of the interactions involving the top quark. We propose some orrelations which are sensitive to $t \bar{t}$ final state interactions and we compute the QCD and standard model Higgs boson contributions to these correlations. QCD induced transverse polarization of top quarks is found to be sizeable and measurable at a high-energy $e^+e^-$ collider with an integrated luminosity of 10 $({\rm fb})^{-1}$ which is converted into a photon collider by backscattering of laser photons.Comment: 8 pages. No fig. Preprint UM-P-94/25 and PITHA 94/1

A history of the Tooth Relic in Ceylon with special reference to its political significance (c. A.D. 300-1500).

The history of the Tooth Relic during the first eleven centuries since its arrival in Ceylon forms the subject of this monograph. Chapter One begins with an introduction which surveys previous studies on the subject, aims and limitations of the present study, and then proceeds to examine the relevant sources from the point of view of their historical value. Chapter Two examines the historicity of the tradition recorded in the Dathavamsa and explains the manner in which this text took its present form. The theme of Chapter Three is the history of the Tooth Relic until the end of the Anuradhapura period. The location of the Meghagiri-vihara and the place where the Relic was first displayed are discussed here in detail. Subsequently an attempt is made to evaluate the Relic's position in the religious life of the Island. The history of the Relic during the next five centuries is examined in Chapter Four. The reasons why the characters of Manabharana, Sugala and Vira Alakesvara were distorted in our sources, the interpretation of the term rajyantara and the reasons which determined the Relic's importance are examined here in detail. The political significance of the Relic is dealt with in Chapter Five. The major part of this chapter is concerned with the discussion of the Tooth Relic as a decisive factor of kingship from c.A.D.1000 onwards. In Chapter Six the income and resources of the Tooth Relic as well as their administration are examined. A discussion of the ritual of the Relic as recorded in the texts, partly in comparison with that of the present Tooth Relic temple at Kandy, is the theme of Chapter Seven. This is followed by the conclusion which brings out the principal results of this study