PERBANDINGAN PEMBELAJARAN KEMUHAMMADIYAHAN PADA KELAS UNGGULAN DAN NON UNGGULAN DI SMP MUHAMMADIYAH I SURAKARTA TAHUN PELAJARAN 2010/2011

Proses belajar mengajar dipandang sebagai aspek pendidikan jika berlangsung di sekolah saja. Dari proses pembelajaran tersebut peserta didik memperoleh hasil belajar yang merupakan hasil dari suatu interaksi tindak belajar, yaitu mengalami proses untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mentalnya, dan tindak belajar, yaitu membelajarkan peserta didik. Sebagai suatu sistem tentu saja interaksi edukatif mengandung sejumlah komponen yang meliputi tujuan, bahan pelajaran, kegiatan belajar mengajar, metode, alat, sumber, dan evaluasi. Pendidikan Al Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mewariskan nilai-nilai perjuangan dan keyakinan hidup Muhammadiyah kepada generasi muda sebagai penerus dan penyempurna amal dan perjuangan Muhammadiyah. Pendidikan Al Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan bagi Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP), termasuk SMP Muhammadiyah I Surakarta, merupakan sesuatu yang esensial. Keberadaannya sangat strategis, terutama untuk membentuk lulusan muslim yang berakhlak mulia, yang berguna bagi bangsa dan negara. SMP Muhammadiyah I Surakarta memiliki 3 (tiga) tingkatan pendidikan, pada setiap tingkatan diberikan 1 (satu) kelas unggulan dengan harapan akan memunculkan generasi yang unggul dan berkualitas. Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, dapat ditarik sebuah rumusan masalah, yaitu adakah perbandingan pembelajaran Kemuhammadiyahan pada kelas unggulan dan kelas non unggulan di SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Surakarta? Sebagaimana rumusan masalah tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada atau tidak adanya perbandingan pembelajaran Kemuhammadiyahan pada kelas unggulan dan kelas non unggulan di SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Surakarta. Adapun manfaat penelitian ini, dapat menambah khasanah keilmuan dan pengetahuan dalam dunia pendidikan pada umumnya dan khususnya mengenai perbedaan pembelajaran kelas unggulan dan non unggulan pada mata pelajaran Kemuhammadiyahan tingkat SMP. Adapun metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Adapun teknik analisis datanya adalah menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif, dilaksanakan secara induktif dimulai dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, serta verifikasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan dalam pembelajaran Kemuhammadiyahan pada kelas unggulan dan non unggulan, persamaan dan perbedaan tersebut dilihat dari 2 (dua) hal, yaitu (1) Perencanaan; persamaan tersebut terletak pada: tujuan pembelajaran, bahan pelajaran, dan penilaian (evaluasi). Perbedaannya terletak pada: metode pembelajaran dan media/alat pembelajaran. (2) Pelaksanaan pembelajaran, persamaan terletak pada: tujuan pembelajaran, bahan pelajaran, dan penilaian (evaluasi). Perbedaannya terletak pada: metode pembelajaran, media/alat pembelajaran, kondisi kelas dalam proses belajar mengajar, dan efisiensi waktu. Kata kunci: Perbandingan, Pembelajaran Kemuhammadiyahan

THE EFFECTS OF DRYING AND SHELLING ON ASPERGILLUS FLAWS INFECTION AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION OF MAIZE*

The  effects of drying  and  shelling on  Aspergillus  fla\-us  infection  and  aflatoxin  production  of maize  stored under laboratory conditions were investigated together with the intactness of grain and change of moisture content during the storage period. Fully matured maize var. Arjuna and CPI-2 were harvested at 90 and 97 days after planting, respectively, after which they were unhusked and divided into 4 pans. The 1st and the 2nd parts were sun dried up to 20^ moisture content (m.c.) and then shelled and re-dried up to 17 and 14% m.c.. respectively. The 3rd part was sun dried up to 17% m.c. and then shelled but not re-dned. The 4th pan was sun dried up to 17% m.c. and then shelled and re-dried up to 14% m.c. The maize was sun dried by spreading either the cobs or the kernels on the paved floor. The nail-down wood and mechanical sheller were used for shelling the maize. After drying and shelling, maize samples were stored in the jars which were covered with muslin cloth for 3 months under laboratory conditions. A. flavus was isolated using dilution method on Aspergillus Flavus and Parasiticus Agar (AFPA). The damaged kernel analysis was carried out at the beginning of storage to obtain the percentage of damaged kernel caused by shelling. The m.c. and aflatoxin were determined using oven and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods, respectively. The m.c. decreased at 1 month of storage and then it was almost constant at 2 and 3 months of storage. The percentage  of damaged kernels  of maize var. CPI-2 was  higher  than  those  of  var. Arjuna. The percentage  of damaged kernels of maize shelled at 20% m.c. was higher than that shelled at 17% m.c. The percentage of damaged kernels of maize shelled by mechanical sheller was higher than that shelled by nail-down wood.*Paper presented at the Symposium on Pest Management for Stored Food and Feed, 5 -7 September 1995 Bogor, Indonesia

Understanding Indonesia’s Response to Russia’s war in Ukraine:

A Preliminary Analysis of the Discursive Landscap

Rethinking the relations between identity and foreign policy: analysing Russia’s foreign policy discourse towards China

This master’s thesis aims to reconstruct Russian identity discourse related to its foreign policy towards China. Taking the timeline surrounding the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea (2010-2016), this thesis was based on the background of the rising concept of “pivot to Asia/East”. Using China as the main actor in Russia’s Asian policy, this thesis tries to answer the questions regarding the construction of Russia’s identity discourse towards China and whether the changing Russian policy after Crimea initiate any changing identity. Based on the poststructuralist approach in foreign policy analysis and the methods of discourse analysis as offered by Campbell (1990), Waever (2002), and Hansen (2006), this thesis offers an alternative understanding of the (re)construction of the identity structure and the intricate relationship between identity and foreign policy. In using the Hansen’s methods of discourse analysis, this thesis analyses official speeches and interviews as part of the 1st model of poststructuralist discourse analysis, and both academic articles and opinions as part of the 2nd model. This thesis finds several patterns of discursive identity structure. Firstly, concurring with Waever’s argument, this thesis finds that existing discursive structure created limitations to the possibility of any changes in Russia’s identity/policy before Crimea. The crisis in Ukraine did provide some concrete policy changes, but these changes at the outmost layer of discursive structure were unable to drastically change the identity discourse in Russia related to China in the post-Crimean timeframe. The effect of this limitation was the stagnation of concrete policy switch towards China. From those findings, two important theoretical contributions could be noted. These findings show that there was the aspect of timeframe which poststructuralist theory of identity/foreign policy change should take into considerations when analyzing the probability of change or nonchange. However, this issue did not diminish the usefulness of poststructuralist approach in deepening the understanding of identity construction and its relations with foreign policy.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4613221*es

Strategi Mempersiapkan Guru SMK RSBI :

Makalah ini disusun berdasarkan Studi Pendahuluan SMK RSBI di Propinsi DKI Jakarta pada bulan September – Oktober 2009. Jumlah SMK yang diteliti sebanyak 6 SMK terdiri dari Bidang Keahlian Teknik, Manajemen, dan Pariwisata. Metodologi penelitian kualitatif diterapkan terhadap pimpinan SMK RSBI yang ditetapkan untuk menggali tuntutan mereka terhadap guru LPT

The Effects of Drying and Shelling on Aspergillus Flaws Infection and Aflatoxin Production of Maize*

The effects of drying and shelling on Aspergillus fla\-us infection and aflatoxin production of maize stored under laboratory conditions were investigated together with the intactness of grain and change of moisture content during the storage period. Fully matured maize var. Arjuna and CPI-2 were harvested at 90 and 97 days after planting, respectively, after which they were unhusked and divided into 4 pans. The 1st and the 2nd parts were sun dried up to 20^ moisture content (m.c.) and then shelled and re-dried up to 17 and 14% m.c.. respectively. The 3rd part was sun dried up to 17% m.c. and then shelled but not re-dned. The 4th pan was sun dried up to 17% m.c. and then shelled and re-dried up to 14% m.c. The maize was sun dried by spreading either the cobs or the kernels on the paved floor. The nail-down wood and mechanical sheller were used for shelling the maize. After drying and shelling, maize samples were stored in the jars which were covered with muslin cloth for 3 months under laboratory conditions. A. flavus was isolated using dilution method on Aspergillus Flavus and Parasiticus Agar (AFPA). The damaged kernel analysis was carried out at the beginning of storage to obtain the percentage of damaged kernel caused by shelling. The m.c. and aflatoxin were determined using oven and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods, respectively. The m.c. decreased at 1 month of storage and then it was almost constant at 2 and 3 months of storage. The percentage of damaged kernels of maize var. CPI-2 was higher than those of var. Arjuna. The percentage of damaged kernels of maize shelled at 20% m.c. was higher than that shelled at 17% m.c. The percentage of damaged kernels of maize shelled by mechanical sheller was higher than that shelled by nail-down wood.*Paper presented at the Symposium on Pest Management for Stored Food and Feed, 5 -7 September 1995 Bogor, Indonesia

Language Policy, Ideology and Language Attitudes: A Study of Indonesian Parents and their Choice of Language in the Home

This study is driven by my curiosity about Indonesian parents’ use of English, a foreign language in Indonesia, to raise children. It led me to ask why this seems like normal practice and why parents seem to have little attachment to Indonesian although they grew up speaking the language. Previous studies have focused, among others, on how Indonesian children navigated their identity as cosmopolites and how English language schools applied the national education policy. Meanwhile parents’ choice of home language has received little attention. This study fills the gap in the literature by focusing on the ideology of raising children in the school language. I draw on Bourdieu’s concept of habitus to explain the motivations behind the parents’ use of English. I discuss the impact of language policies during the Dutch and Japanese occupations, the New Order and post-New Order periods, on parents’ language attitudes and argue that the ideology of raising children in the school language is inculcated within more than one generation. In every generation, parents use the school language in the home, respectively, Dutch, Indonesian and English, reflecting the assumption that language is a tool for economic advancement. The study uses a combined quantitative and qualitative methodology, involving questionnaire and video/audio recordings of parent-children interactions. The participants consist of upper-middle class parents who send their children to English language schools. The findings show that most parents speak a mixture of Indonesian and English, which suggests that they still value Indonesian as the family language, but use English to support their children’s schooling. I show that parents’ attitudes reflect the ideology of language inculcated through language policy and implemented through education, which promotes the school language as a tool for achieving better social standing. Parents who want their children to succeed thus deem that English language schools are the best option for their children. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of English in the Indonesian education system and the impact of language policy on language attitudes. By focusing on Indonesia, it provides an example of the process involved in the dissemination of the language through the education system

REVIEW ON AFLATOXIN IN INDONESIAN FOOD- AND FEEDSTUFFS AND THEIR PRODUCTS

 Aflatoxin is a human carcinogen that  could contaminate food- and feedstuffs, and hence is a major food quality problem throughout the world. Afiatoxin is produced by certain strains of AspergillusJlavus and //. parasiticus. A number of studies have been carried out in Indonesia on atlatoxin contamination in Indonesian food- and feedstuffs and their products from 1990 up to present. They were maize, maize product, peanuts, soybean and soybean meal, black and white pepper, feed ingredients; chicken and duck feeds. Samples were collected from farmers, traders (middlemen), retailers (markets), supermarkets, exporters; poultry and duck community-based farms; and feed mi l l  industries. High levels of aflatoxins were often found in maize, peanuts, chicken feed derived from markets, and duck feed. Low levels of aflatoxins were found in soybean meal and chicken feedstuff. Aflatoxins were not detected in soybean, black and white pepper. Other studies have also been carried out on the effect of carbondioxide (CO2), phosphine, black pepper extract and antagonistic fungi on aflatoxin production of  A. flavus in vitro\  and the effect of airtight storage, phosphine, ammonium hydroxide, fermentation process, bag types, and phosphine in combination with different bag types on atlatoxin contents of maize, peanuts and soybean meal. Some of these methods reduced aflatoxin contents significantly. Keywords: Aspergillus flavus I Aflatoxin / Food-and feed stuffs / Produc

THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS AND MOULDS IN STORED COCOA BEANS AT SOUTH SULAWESI

Surveys on postharvest handling and technology processing of cocoa beans at farmer, trader and exporter levels in South Sulawesi were conducted together with investigations on moisture content, pest infestation (insect and mould) and quality characteristics in terms of reducing sugar, free amino acid and free fatty acid content. Surveys were conducted during dry (July 1997) and wet seasons (February 1998) in three regencies (Pinrang, Polewali-Mamasa and Luwu) and Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi province. Interviews were carried out during surveys in the dry season. Number of respondents from farmers, trailers and exporters was 38, 15 and 5, respectively. In each season, number of samples taken from farmers, traders and exporters was 9, 21 and 15, respectively. In general, farmers, traders and exporters did not carry out postharvest handling and technology processing properly. Moisture  content of cocoa beans collected from farmers, traders and exporters were higher than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (7.5%). Moisture content of cocoa beans collected during the wet season was higher than in the dry season. Insects were found on cocoa beans collected from traders and exporters. Species composition and the presence of each insect species were varied among the two seasons, but the predominant species was Tribolium castaneum. At trader level the percentage of insect-damaged beans during the wet season was higher than that during the dry season, while at exporter level it was lower. During the two seasons the percentage of mouldy beans at farmer level was lower than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (4%), while those from some samples at trader and exporter levels were higher than 4%, but based on the direct plating method, all of the samples at trader and exporter levels were mouldy. Species composition and the percentage of beans infected by each mould species at farmer, trader and exporter levels during the two seasons were varied. The percentage of mouldy beans increased at trader and exporter levels. The predominant moulds were Aspergillus flaws, Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri and Penicillium citrinum. The predominant mould at farmer level during wet season was Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Reducing sugar and free amino acid content of cocoa beans collected during the dry season was higher than those collected during the wet season, either at farmer, trader or exporter levels. Free fatty acid content of cocoa beans tends to be higher during the wet season than the dry season at the three levels.Keywords: Stored products pests/Postharvest handling/Technology processing/Moisture content/In-sect/Mould/Reducing sugars/Free amino acids/Free fatty acids/Cocoa/South Sulawesi