Binarisation Algorithms Analysis on Document and Natural Scene Images

The binarisation plays an important role in a system for text extraction from images which is a prominent area in digital image processing. The primary goal of the binarisation techniques are to covert colored and gray scale image into black and white image so that overall computational overhead can be minimized. It has great impact on performance of the system for text extraction from image. Such system has number of applications like navigation system for visually impaired persons, automatic text extraction from document images, and number plate detection to enforcement traffic rules etc. The present study analysed the performance of well known binarisation algorithms on degraded documents and camera captured images. The statistical parameters namely Precession, Recall and F-measure and PSNR are used to evaluate the performance. To find the suitability of the binarisation method for text preservation in natural scene images, we have also considered visual observation DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15083

Impact of drip irrigation and fertigation scheduling on tomato crop - An overview

The primary objective of this review study was to determine the best irrigation and fertilizer scheduling practice in order to achieve maximum yield with maximum water and fertilizer use efficiency and highest nutrient uptake. It is found nutrient use efficiency could be as high as 90 per cent in fertigation as compared to 40 to 60 per cent in conventional methods. The amount of fertilizer lost through leaching can be as low as 10 per cent in fertigation whereas it is 50 per cent in the traditional system. It is observed that irrigation and fertigation scheduled at 75% ET and at 75% RDF, respectively could be a good alternate for saving water and nutrients with enhanced nutrient uptake, growth, yield and quality of crops. In this paper, the literature pertaining to the different aspects of fertigation and irrigation scheduling are reviewed

Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Some Novel Imidazole Derivatives for Their Potential Anti-hypertensive Activity

Benzimidazole, which is a heterocyclic nucleus, plays an important role in various medicines. A number of therapeutic agents such as H1 antihistaminic agent clemizole, a potent opioid analgesic etonitazene, nonnucleoside antiviral compound enviroxime, for promotion of excretion of uric acid irtemazole, non sedating antihistaminic agent astemizole, anti ulcer drugs omeprazole and pentoprazole, antihelmintic thiabendazole, antinematodal nocodazole etc. are based on benzimidazole heterocyclic nucleus. The synthesis of various benzimidazole derivatives by the reaction of ortho phenylene diamine I with various organic acids to yield 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives II which on further treatment with nitric acid and sulphuric acid yielded 5-nitro-2-substituted benzimdazoles III. Coupling of this compound with halogenated beta picoline V yielded the title compounds. The structures of synthesized compounds were elucidated mainly by spectral evidence. All the compounds were screened for their anti-hypertensive activity. The compounds exhibited moderate to signiicant activities

Composition and conservation of the mRNA-degrading machinery in bacteria

RNA synthesis and decay counteract each other and therefore inversely regulate gene expression in pro- and eukaryotic cells by controlling the steady-state level of individual transcripts. Genetic and biochemical data together with recent in depth annotation of bacterial genomes indicate that many components of the bacterial RNA decay machinery are evolutionarily conserved and that their functional analogues exist in organisms belonging to all kingdoms of life. Here we briefly review biological functions of essential enzymes, their evolutionary conservation and multienzyme complexes that are involved in mRNA decay in Escherichia coli and discuss their conservation in evolutionarily distant bacteria.Ikerbask

Heterocalixarenes. Part 3: Bis-oxo-bridged calix[1]cyclicurea[3]arene and calix[1]cyclicurea[1]pyridine[2]arenes. Synthesis, X-Ray crystal structure and conformational analysis

The Friedel-Crafts aroylations of 2- and 4-methylanisole with isophthaloyl dichloride or pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl dichloride provide respective diones, which on bromination with NBS provide corresponding bisbromomethyl derivatives that undergo simple cyclocondensations with embedded cyclicurea-containing heterocycles, viz. benzimidazol-2(1H)-one, 5-nitrobenzimidazol-2(1H)-one, 5,6-dinitrobenzimidazol-2(1H)-one, uracil and quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione to form 11 new bis-oxo-bridged heterocalix[4]arenes ( 11-19, 24, 25). The X-ray crystal structure of the 11-benzene complex, 1H-1H COSY spectra and energy-minimization studies assign partial cone conformations to these heterocalix[4]arenes. The variation in the cyclicurea moiety controls the flexibility of these heterocalix[4]arenes

Synthesis and characterization of divalent metal complexes of the macrocyclic ligand derived from isatin and 1,2-diaminobenzene

A novel series of complexes of the type [M(C28H18N6)X2], where M=Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II) and X = Cl-, NO3- or CH3COO-, were synthesized by template condensation of isatin and 1,2-diaminobenzene in methanolic medium. The complexes were characterized with the help of various physico–chemical techniques, such as elemental analyses, molar conductance measurements, magnetic measurements, and NMR, infrared and far infrared spectral studies. The low value of molar conductance indicates them to be non-electrolytes. Based on various studies, a distorted octahedral geometry may be proposed for all the complexes. All the synthesized macrocyclic complexes were also tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacterial strains. The MIC values shown by the complexes against these bacterial strains were compared with those of the standard antibiotics linezolid and cefaclor. Some of the complexes showed good antibacterial activities

Heterocalixarenes part 4. Synthesis of oxocalix [1] heterocycle [2]-arenes: a unique H-bonding network in calix [1] benzimidazol-2-one [2] arene &#189; H<SUB>2</SUB>O

The Friedel.Crafts aroylation of 2-methylanisole with 3-methylbenzoyl chloride followed by NBS bromination and cyclizations with 1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one, 1,3-dihydro-5,6-dinitrobenzimidazol-2-one, uracil, 6-methyluracil and quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione provide respective oxocalix[1]heterocycle[2]arenes 5.9. The X-ray crystal structure (solid) and 1H NMR spectral (solution) studies show them to have by and large inwardly flattened partial cone conformations which vary in torsion angles between the rings. The calix[1]benzimidazol-2-one[2]arene &#189; H2O complex shows a unique array of H-bonds in which three of the four CH and the imide oxygen of the benzimidazol-2-one unit, carbonyl oxygen and water molecule are involved in H-bonding with surrounding calixarene molecules. This heterocalixarene, in contrast to earlier reported benzimidazol-2-one-based calixarenes, does not show heterocyclic &#960;-&#960; stacking

Does the Number of Hours Spent on Learning Affect Academic Achievement?

Examinations are measurement tools designed to assess learners’ achievement of course learning outcomes. Past studies have shown that factors such as motivation and study time play a part in enhancing learner achievement in assessment. The objective of this exploratory study is to develop a Regression Model that will be used to identify the possible relationship between the learners’ study time with their academic achievement. An online questionnaire survey was administered to 98 respondents of year 1 distance learners of the Principle of Management course in the January 2021 semester at Open University Malaysia. The data on the self-report of study time by the learners for the two variables were analysed. A regression analysis via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) analysis tool was performed to study the relationship between the study time (for completing the assignment and preparing for the final examination) and academic achievement. The findings of this study suggest that a regression model can significantly predict academic achievement. However, based on this model, only the study time allocated for completing the assignment appears to be significantly correlated to the course assessment achievement. It is hoped that the findings gathered will lay the foundation for future research that take into consideration other relevant factors associated with study time and academic achievement

Local perceptions and adaptation of indigenous communities to climate change: Evidences from High Mountain Pangi valley of Indian Himalayas

58-67The present study was undertaken with aim to understand the perceptions of indigenous communities about climate change pattern and its local impacts on climate variables, seasons, agriculture, biodiversity and adaptive strategies in geographical and technological-isolated Pangi valley situated in Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh. Randomly selected 120 respondents were interviewed and their perceptions were recorded on pre-designed questionnaire. The climate change impacts are experienced in the form of decreased snowfall (98.3%), temperature rise (97.5%), late onset of monsoon (90.8%), decreased rainfall (76.7%), reduced snow-melted water availability (86.7%) and increased drought incidences (85.8%) of over the years. Further, these climatic changes affecting agriculture through early shifts in crop season (80.8%), shorter growing season (91.7%), introduction of fruit and vegetable crops (90.8%), increased incidence of insect-pest (81.2%) and diseases (84.2%) and thereby decline in crop yield (70%). However, majority of the respondents undertaken adaptive strategies such as crop diversification, traditional mixed-cropping, mixed farming, crop rotation and agro-forestry/agro-horticulture systems to cope with climate change but they are either little or unaware of modern farming practices such as snow water/glacier runoff harvesting, agro advisory services, mulching and zero tillage as adaptation strategies