Determination of Live and Dead Bacteria with a Novel Handheld Instrument and Raman Spectroscopy

Fast identification of live and dead (inactivated) bacteria in situ, whether it is a hospital or field, is a challenging problem. Typically, counting live and dead bacteria requires more than 24 hours (for plating, CFU growth and counting etc.), during which time bacterial infections can grow many fold (bacteria can double in as short as 10 minutes times). In this research, a handheld instrument was designed and constructed which can be carried to the field and can be used for in-situ detection of live and dead bacteria ratio within a few minutes. This handheld instrument is based on the detection of fluorescence from tryptophan and tyrosine present in bacteria. As bacteria are inactivated by UV radiation, fluorescence from tryptophan and tyrosine decreases. By measuring this fluorescence using the developed handheld device, it was possible to determine live and dead bacteria in a sample. Alongside, Raman spectroscopy was explored to determine live and dead bacteria after ultraviolet light inactivation. It was found that there exist a quantitative relationship between changes in Raman spectra of bacteria and number of inactivated cells in a sample

Direct C–H Arylation

Bonds between hydrogen and carbon atoms are the most frequent type of bonds in organic molecules. The ability to replace hydrogen atoms by making other types of bonds to carbon atoms can enable simpler access to complex organic molecules by substituting multistep synthetic sequences. The use of transition metal catalysts to activate C–H bonds is particularly attractive as it offers control over the reactivity and selectivity through catalyst design. However, such functionalization includes the difficult breaking of strong C–H bonds that are not activated by the presence of other groups. Additionally, the common presence of a number of C–H bonds in a molecule raises the issue of site-selectivity because differentiation of C–H bonds that are in sterically and electronically similar environments is a challenge. We discuss selected recent developments that are a part of the long-term research interest in mild and selective C–H activation reactions with a focus on the replacement of C–H bonds with C–aryl groups and an emphasis on the work of our group

Automatic News Summerization

Natural Language Processing is booming with its applications in the real world, one of which is Text Summarization for large texts including news articles. This research paper provides an extensive comparative evaluation of extractive and abstractive approaches for news text summarization, with an emphasis on the ROUGE score analysis. The study employs the CNN-Daily Mail dataset, which consists of news articles and human-generated reference summaries. The evaluation employs ROUGE scores to assess the efficacy and quality of generated summaries. After Evaluation, we integrate the best-performing models on a web application to assess their real-world capabilities and user experience

Mobile security with location-aware role-based access control

This paper describes how location-aware Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) can be implemented on top of the Geographically eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (GeoXACML). It furthermore sketches how spatial separation of duty constraints (both static and dynamic) can be implemented using GeoXACML on top of the XACML RBAC profile. The solution uses physical addressing of geographical locations which facilitates easy deployment of authorisation profiles to the mobile device. Location-aware RBAC can be used to implement location dependent access control and also other security enhancing solutions on mobile devices, like location dependent device locking, firewall, intrusion prevention or payment anti-fraud systems

Towards the Exploration of Task and Workflow Scheduling Methods and Mechanisms in Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud computing sets a domain and application-specific distributed environment to distribute the services and resources among users. There are numerous heterogeneous VMs available in the environment to handle user requests. The user requests are defined with a specific deadline. The scheduling methods are defined to set up the order of request execution in the cloud environment. The scheduling methods in a cloud environment are divided into two main categories called Task and Workflow Scheduling. This paper, is a study of work performed on task and workflow scheduling. Various feature processing, constraints-restricted, and priority-driven methods are discussed in this research. The paper also discussed various optimization methods to improve scheduling performance and reliability in the cloud environment. Various constraints and performance parameters are discussed in this research

Determination of Live and Dead Bacteria with a Novel Handheld Instrument and Raman Spectroscopy

Fast identification of live and dead (inactivated) bacteria in situ, whether it is a hospital or field, is a challenging problem. Typically, counting live and dead bacteria requires more than 24 hours (for plating, CFU growth and counting etc.), during which time bacterial infections can grow many fold (bacteria can double in as short as 10 minutes times). In this research, a handheld instrument was designed and constructed which can be carried to the field and can be used for in-situ detection of live and dead bacteria ratio within a few minutes. This handheld instrument is based on the detection of fluorescence from tryptophan and tyrosine present in bacteria. As bacteria are inactivated by UV radiation, fluorescence from tryptophan and tyrosine decreases. By measuring this fluorescence using the developed handheld device, it was possible to determine live and dead bacteria in a sample. Alongside, Raman spectroscopy was explored to determine live and dead bacteria after ultraviolet light inactivation. It was found that there exist a quantitative relationship between changes in Raman spectra of bacteria and number of inactivated cells in a sample

Knowledge, attitude, and perception of the general public towards the impact of hemoglobinopathies on pregnancy outcomes: a questionnaire-based study

Background: Knowledge about hemoglobinopathies in the general public is unsatisfactory. Many couples are unaware of their carrier status and a child can be born with unexpected, serious hemoglobinopathies. Willingness to participate in screening programs can substantially help in bringing down the birth of children affected with hemoglobinopathies. To understand the knowledge, attitude, and perception of the general public on various hemoglobinopathies and their pregnancy outcomes we performed a questionnaire-based descriptive survey. Methods: After obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee and validation by an expert panel we circulated a Google form consisting of 21 questions via WhatsApp which was made available for 3 months. Efforts were made to collect as many responses as possible. The responses were extracted onto a Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed. Results: It was observed that though the majority of the population from various sectors of India agreed on the importance of early detection, only about 75.5% would consider signing up for screening themselves. Around 33.6% percent of the participants had not even heard about hemoglobinopathies and about 92.7% of the participants felt the need for the availability of more easily accessible information on the topic. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a need for more awareness programs among the general public as well as better access to information on hemoglobinopathies so that the implications of being affected are clearly understood, and strategies for prevention by timely screening can be strengthened

SURGICAL SITE INFECTION IN EMERGENCY AND ELECTIVE LOWER SEGMENT CAESAREAN SECTION IN TERTIARY HOSPITAL

The aim of the study is to study surgical site infections in emergency and elective LSCS and to identify etiological microbes and their antibiotic resistance pattern in tertiary hospital. Material and methods A total of 100 postoperative cases, 50 of emergency LSCS and 50 of elective LSCS were studied prospectively over a period of 1 year. Cases were assessed in detail with adequate history and examination of surgical site. Immunocompromised, diabetic and patients of less than age 18 were excluded from study. Swabs were taken for microbiological examination. Results Surgical site infection was found to be 20% out of which about 14 cases (28%) were of emergency LSCS whereas 6 (12%) were of elective LSCS. 54% were between the age group of 18- 25 yrs. 72% were from rural geographical areas. About 21% of total infections were due to gram positive bacteria of which staphylococcus aureus was most common and 27% were due to E.coli, most common in gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be maximum resistant to methicillin whereas E.coli was found to be to ceftazidime. Conclusion A proper assessment of risk factors and their modification may help in reducing surgical site infection rates also assessment of all the pathogens involved and their resistance pattern may help in reduction of the same. Prudent use of antibiotics are to prevent development of future resistance pattern