47 research outputs found
Short-Term Postharvest Carbon Dioxide Treatments Induce Selective Molecular and Metabolic Changes in Grape Berries
Proteomic Analysis of Grape Berry Cell Cultures Reveals that Developmentally Regulated Ripening Related Processes Can Be Studied Using Cultured Cells
The original publication is available at http:/www.plosone.orgBackground: This work describes a proteomics profiling method, optimized and applied to berry cell suspensions to evaluate organ-specific cultures as a platform to study grape berry ripening. Variations in berry ripening within a cluster(s) on a vine and in a vineyard are a major impediment towards complete understanding of the functional processes that control ripening, specifically when a characterized and homogenous sample is required. Berry cell suspensions could overcome some of these problems, but their suitability as a model system for berry development and ripening needs to be established first. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study we report on the proteomic evaluation of the cytosolic proteins obtained from synchronized cell suspension cultures that were established from callus lines originating from green, véraison and ripe Vitis vinifera berry explants. The proteins were separated using liquid phase IEF in a Microrotofor cell and SDS PAGE. This method proved superior to gel-based 2DE. Principal component analysis confirmed that biological and technical repeats grouped tightly and importantly, showed that the proteomes of berry cultures originating from the different growth/ripening stages were distinct. A total of twenty six common bands were selected after band matching between different growth stages and twenty two of these bands were positively identified. Thirty two % of the identified proteins are currently annotated as hypothetical. The differential expression profile of the identified proteins, when compared with published literature on grape berry ripening, suggested common trends in terms of relative abundance in the different developmental stages between real berries and cell suspensions. Conclusions: The advantages of having suspension cultures that accurately mimic specific developmental stages are profound and could significantly contribute to the study of the intricate regulatory and signaling networks responsible for berry development and ripening. © 2011 Sharathchandra et al.Publishers' Versio
Berry Flesh and Skin Ripening Features in Vitis vinifera as Assessed by Transcriptional Profiling
Background
Ripening of fleshy fruit is a complex developmental process involving the differentiation of tissues with separate functions. During grapevine berry ripening important processes contributing to table and wine grape quality take place, some of them flesh- or skin-specific. In this study, transcriptional profiles throughout flesh and skin ripening were followed during two different seasons in a table grape cultivar âMuscat Hamburgâ to determine tissue-specific as well as common developmental programs.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Using an updated GrapeGen Affymetrix GeneChipÂź annotation based on grapevine 12Ăv1 gene predictions, 2188 differentially accumulated transcripts between flesh and skin and 2839 transcripts differentially accumulated throughout ripening in the same manner in both tissues were identified. Transcriptional profiles were dominated by changes at the beginning of veraison which affect both pericarp tissues, although frequently delayed or with lower intensity in the skin than in the flesh. Functional enrichment analysis identified the decay on biosynthetic processes, photosynthesis and transport as a major part of the program delayed in the skin. In addition, a higher number of functional categories, including several related to macromolecule transport and phenylpropanoid and lipid biosynthesis, were over-represented in transcripts accumulated to higher levels in the skin. Functional enrichment also indicated auxin, gibberellins and bHLH transcription factors to take part in the regulation of pre-veraison processes in the pericarp, whereas WRKY and C2H2 family transcription factors seems to more specifically participate in the regulation of skin and flesh ripening, respectively.
Conclusions/Significance
A transcriptomic analysis indicates that a large part of the ripening program is shared by both pericarp tissues despite some components are delayed in the skin. In addition, important tissue differences are present from early stages prior to the ripening onset including tissue-specific regulators. Altogether, these findings provide key elements to understand berry ripening and its differential regulation in flesh and skin.This study was financially supported by GrapeGen Project funded by Genoma España within a collaborative agreement with Genome Canada. The authors also thank The Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for project BIO2008-03892 and a bilateral collaborative grant with Argentina (AR2009-0021). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewe
Five omic technologies are concordant in differentiating the biochemical characteristics of the berries of five grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars
Développer des alternatives à des systÚmes de culture Maïs-Blé en polyculture-élevage sans irrigation : enseignements de trois expérimentations conduites dans différentes régions françaises.
Trois systÚmes de culture expérimentaux, alternatifs à un systÚme local dominant à base de Maïs-Blé
non irriguĂ©, dans un contexte de polyculture-Ă©levage, partagent le mĂȘme objectif principal de diminuer
de 50% lâIndice de FrĂ©quence de Traitement (IFT) par rapport au systĂšme local dominant tout en
maintenant la rentabilitĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats pluriannuels montrent une diminution de 22 Ă 50% de lâIFT total,
de 55 Ă 80% de lâIFT hors herbicide, de 12 Ă 65% de lâIFT herbicide. Les systĂšmes prĂ©sentent aussi
des risques dâexposition toxique de lâagriculteur plus faibles et des risques de transfert de substances
actives vers lâenvironnement plus faibles. Par ailleurs, leur rentabilitĂ© est plus Ă©levĂ©e pour lâun, plutĂŽt
plus élevée pour le deuxiÚme et plutÎt plus faible pour le dernier. Deux voies ont été empruntées pour
obtenir ces résultats positifs sur les herbicides et la rentabilité : soit une diversification moyenne de la
succession Maïs-Blé combinée à un travail du sol intensif, soit peu de travail du sol associé à une
couverture du sol et combinés à une diversification importante de la succession. La maßtrise des
adventices qui en rĂ©sulte est plus ou moins satisfaisante selon les systĂšmes de culture. Lâanalyse
agronomique des réussites et des échecs de la maßtrise des adventices permet de tirer des
enseignements sur les conditions de réussite de chacune des stratégies.Three innovative cropping systems were tested during several years. They aimed to reduce the use of
pesticides by 50% compared to local reference cropping systems while being still profitable. Reference [br/]
systems were maize-winter wheat rotations in mixed crop-livestock agricultural systems. The use of total
pesticides was reduced by 22-50%, i.e. 12-65% for herbicides and 55-80% for other pesticides. Toxic
exposure of farmers was lower for innovative systems ; risk of active substance transfer to the
environment was also lower. Regarding profitability, results were different from one experiment to
another, with higher economic margins for the innovative system for two of them, and lower margin for
the last one. Two strategies were employed to achieve these positive results on pesticides use and
impacts and on profitability : moderate diversification of crop sequences combined with intensive tillage
on one hand versus minimum tillage associated with soil cover and high crop sequences diversification
on the other hand. Resulting weed pressure was acceptable or rather acceptable in two out of the three
experiments. Agronomic analysis of success and failure cases led to new insights on success conditions
for both strategies of weed management
Expérimentation de systÚmes de culture innovants : avancées méthodologiques et mise en réseau opérationnelle
L'expĂ©rimentation "systĂšme de culture" est une Ă©tape importante du processus de conceptionĂ©valuation de systĂšmes de culture. Elle permet de tester au champ la faisabilitĂ© technique et la cohĂ©rence agronomique des systĂšmes de culture les plus prometteurs et d'Ă©valuer leurs rĂ©sultatsagronomiques et techniques, ainsi que leurs performances socio-Ă©conomiques et environnementales. Elle reprĂ©sente Ă©galement un lieu d'Ă©changes interdisciplinaires intĂ©ressant, pouvant ĂȘtre source d'innovation. Dans cet article, nous dĂ©crivons une dĂ©marche d'expĂ©rimentation "systĂšme de culture" et ses principales spĂ©cificitĂ©s mĂ©thodologiques dans le domaine des cultures assolĂ©es. Ensuite, nous prĂ©sentons les acquis mĂ©thodologiques et les outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour (i) faciliter la mise en oeuvre et la conduite de ce type d'expĂ©rimentation, (ii) permettre la mise en rĂ©seau opĂ©rationnelle d'expĂ©rimentations testant, dans des contextes de production divers, des systĂšmes de culture rĂ©pondant Ă diffĂ©rents enjeux. Enfin, nous prĂ©sentons la structuration et l'organisation de deux rĂ©seaux français d'expĂ©rimentations "systĂšme de culture" : celui du RĂ©seau Mixte Technologique "SystĂšmes de Culture Innovants" pour les filiĂšres Grande Culture et Polyculture-Elevage et celui initiĂ© dans le cadre du projet RotAB pour les Grandes Cultures en agriculture biologique sans Ă©levage. Des perspectives de travail et notamment l'analyse transversale des rĂ©sultats entre expĂ©rimentations et la valorisation des rĂ©sultats et performances des systĂšmes de culture testĂ©s sont abordĂ©es
SystÚmes de culture innovants : une nouvelle génération de réseau expérimental et de réseau de compétences
International audienceLes conseillers ou les animateurs agricoles doivent de plus en plus accompagner les agriculteurs dans un changement de pratiques et lâinnovation, en particulier dans les suites du Grenelle de lâEnvironnement. Pour leur permettre, ainsi quâaÌ leurs responsables hieÌrarchiques, de faire eÌvoluer le meÌtier, une nouvelle intelligibiliteÌ de la relation de conseil et dâaccompagnement du changement a eÌteÌ produite. Elle est issue dâeÌchanges entre conseillers ou animateurs et chercheurs autour dâexpeÌriences veÌcues et dâanalyse de leur activiteÌ reÌaliseÌe par les chercheurs. Elle repose sur la notion cleÌ de « formats ». Ces formats peuvent eÌtre institueÌs (le tour de plaine « aÌ chaud », la formation avec intervention dâun expert), en cours dâinstitution (e.g. la co-construction dâun systeÌme de culture, le tour de plaine « aÌ froid ») et leur combinaison dans lâaccompagnement du changement en cours de construction (e.g. pour lâanimation sur une aire dâalimentation de captage, ou lâaccompagnement dâun groupe vers lâatteinte dâun cahier des charges « Grandes Cultures EÌconomes »). Des outils sont proposeÌs pour analyser ce qui perturbe le travail du conseiller ou de lâanimateur dans des situations nouvelles et eÌtre opeÌrationnels dans la mise en Ćuvre de nouveaux formats en vue dâaider les agriculteurs dans la transformation de leurs pratiques
SystÚmes de culture innovants : une nouvelle génération de réseau expérimental et de réseau de compétences
International audienceLes conseillers ou les animateurs agricoles doivent de plus en plus accompagner les agriculteurs dans un changement de pratiques et lâinnovation, en particulier dans les suites du Grenelle de lâEnvironnement. Pour leur permettre, ainsi quâaÌ leurs responsables hieÌrarchiques, de faire eÌvoluer le meÌtier, une nouvelle intelligibiliteÌ de la relation de conseil et dâaccompagnement du changement a eÌteÌ produite. Elle est issue dâeÌchanges entre conseillers ou animateurs et chercheurs autour dâexpeÌriences veÌcues et dâanalyse de leur activiteÌ reÌaliseÌe par les chercheurs. Elle repose sur la notion cleÌ de « formats ». Ces formats peuvent eÌtre institueÌs (le tour de plaine « aÌ chaud », la formation avec intervention dâun expert), en cours dâinstitution (e.g. la co-construction dâun systeÌme de culture, le tour de plaine « aÌ froid ») et leur combinaison dans lâaccompagnement du changement en cours de construction (e.g. pour lâanimation sur une aire dâalimentation de captage, ou lâaccompagnement dâun groupe vers lâatteinte dâun cahier des charges « Grandes Cultures EÌconomes »). Des outils sont proposeÌs pour analyser ce qui perturbe le travail du conseiller ou de lâanimateur dans des situations nouvelles et eÌtre opeÌrationnels dans la mise en Ćuvre de nouveaux formats en vue dâaider les agriculteurs dans la transformation de leurs pratiques
Effects of water-deficit irrigation on hormonal content and nitrogen compounds in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo
13 Pågs., 3 Figs., 4 Tabls.Water-deficit irrigation to grapevines reduces plant growth, yield, and berry growth, altering the ripening process, all of which may influence fruit composition and wine quality. Therefore, the goals of this study were (1) to investigate the influence of the main endogenous berry hormones, abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA), on berry growth and ripening under water-deficit conditions and (2) to analyze changes in fruit composition, specifically N compounds, under water deprivation. The study was carried out using container-grown Tempranillo grapevines grown under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Two irrigation treatments were imposed: control (well-watered) and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI). Water deficit decreased leaf area and the source-to-sink ratio, reduced yield and berry size, and decreased concentrations of the main phenolic compounds. SDI also modified berry hormonal status. At the pea-size stage, SDI berries had lower IAA and higher JA and SA than nonstressed berries. At veraison (onset of ripening), accumulation of ABA was less accentuated in SDI than in control berries. At harvest, the content of amino acids and free ammonium was low in both treatments but SDI-treated berries showed a significant accumulation of amines. Results suggest that water restrictions to grapevines might be playing a physiological role in reducing berry growth through affecting hormone dynamics, phenolic synthesis, and the berry amino acid content and composition, which could compromise fruit quality. Possible roles of endogenous IAA controlling berry size and endogenous ABA and SA controlling levels of anthocyanins and flavonols at harvest are discussed. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.This work was supported by Fundación Universitaria de Navarra (2011) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN BFU2011-26989), Spain. F. Morales thanks Gobierno de Aragón (A03 research group) for financial support.
M. Niculcea was the recipient of a grant from AsociaciĂłn de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra.Peer reviewe
Micorrização e indução de quitinases e β-1,3-glucanases e resistĂȘncia Ă fusariose em porta-enxerto de videira Mycorrhizal inoculation and induction of chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases and fusarium resistance in grapevine rootstock
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os nĂveis de expressĂŁo de β-1,3-glucanases e quitinases nos porta-enxertos de videira SO4 e R110, respectivamente suscetĂvel e resistente a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. herbemontis, bem como avaliar o efeito do fungo micorrĂzico arbuscular Glomus intraradices no crescimento, na expressĂŁo dessas enzimas e na supressĂŁo do patĂłgeno no porta-enxerto suscetĂvel. Foram quantificadas as atividades enzimĂĄticas de β-1,3-glucanases e quitinases nas raĂzes dos porta-enxertos. Mudas do porta-enxerto SO4 receberam inĂłculos de G. intraradices e F. oxysporum, e foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento, atividade das duas enzimas e sintomas de doença. As atividades das enzimas nas raĂzes do porta-enxerto resistente aumentaram entre 0 e 5 dias apĂłs a inoculação do patĂłgeno. A atividade de quitinases nas raĂzes do porta-enxerto suscetĂvel aumentou com a inoculação do fungo micorrĂzico e do patĂłgeno. A atividade de β-1,3-glucanases foi maior somente com a presença do fungo micorrĂzico e do patĂłgeno. Videiras com inoculação de G. intraradices apresentaram diminuição nos sintomas de infecção por Fusarium spp., o que indica que o fungo micorrĂzico promove a indução de quitinases e β-1,3-glucanases especificamente na supressĂŁo ou inibição do patĂłgeno.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the expression levels of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases in SO4 and 110 grapevine rootstocks, respectively susceptible and resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. herbemontis, as well as to evaluate the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on plant growth, on enzyme expression and on pathogen suppression in the susceptible rootstock. The enzyme activities of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases in the rootstocks roots were evaluated. Plant growth, enzyme activity, and disease symptoms were evaluated in SO4 plantlets inoculated with G. intraradices and F. oxysporum. Enzyme activities in the plant roots increased in the resistant rootstock, between 0 and 5 days after pathogen inoculation. In the susceptible rootstock, chitinase activity enhanced after the mycorrhizal fungus and the pathogen inoculations. β-1,3-glucanase activity increased only in the presence of both the mycorrhizal and the pathogenic fungi. G. intraradices-inoculated SO4 grapevine plantlets showed decreased symptoms of Fusarium infection, which indicates that the mycorrhizal fungus promotes chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities leading to pathogen suppression or inhibition