Teaching the Modal Auxiliary Verbs Focusing on Those Used for Suggestion and Advice

Modal auxiliary verbs are a neglected group in the lexicon, especially in the EFL classroom. Due to the nature of the nuances they are used to convey, their misuse can cause not just misinformation but also subtle tones that create unpleasant discord in the flow of communication. Modals are easy sources of errors for students of EFL because they follow no readily discernible patterns. Structurally there are six points explained here which can confuse students and cause modals to change their function. There are two main categories of functions: social interaction, which includes advice, suggestion, obligation, social expectation; and logical probability, which includes inference and probability. I maintain that presenting modals within the function is best for students. Introducing only two modals at a time, in contrast, and function-by-function in a real situation, is a more viable way to help students learn to use modals appropriately in conversation. After giving a brief analysis of all modals, both structurally and functionally, I have chosen to focus on two functions: advice and suggestion. The development of my lesson plans is reviewed and my final plan is presented as a model for the effective teaching of modals in the ESL/EFL classroom

Process consent and research with older persons living with dementia

There is always a debate around consent in the context of research. Given the expansion of different approaches to qualitative research within dementia care, there is increasing consideration around consent in this context; particularly in research concerning the experiences of living with dementia and the care of persons with dementia. Specifically there is a drive to directly involve persons with dementia as they offer specific expertise concerning living with dementia. Additionally, capacity legislation strengthens the case for ensuring that persons with dementia are actively enabled to make their own decisions for as long as possible. This paper discusses an approach and method that can enable more persons who are living with dementia to participate in some types of research should they want to. Currently, most researchers rely on an extension of the traditional competency-based informed consent method and/or proxy consent or assent. However, related to the development of so-called person-centred and participatory research in dementia, there are now a number of academic publications on approaches and practical methods of \u27inclusionary\u27 consent. This paper considers the broader contextual influences on inclusionary consent and outlines the key aspects of such approaches based on the development of one specific method for including persons with dementia in consent processes. The method is based on the premise that, for persons with a dementia, informed consent becomes increasingly redundant and consequently exclusionary to them as persons. And even where capacity is said to no longer exist, persons with dementia are often able to make choices and make known their preferences about participating in research where the consent process is made specifically dementia-sensitive. Ethics committees can facilitate researchers both by supporting them when they need to and want to include persons with dementia in gerontological research and by challenging them to ensure that participation is genuine and starts with process consent

How Spatial Audio can Improve the Safety of Self-Driving Cars

Self-driving (autonomous) cars can drive people anywhere without a need to touch the gas pedal. How do we make these cars safe enough for consumers? One safety concern of self-driving cars is that the driver can relax while the car performs all of the necessary functions. However, the car can request to be overridden (the driver taking control of the car). Manual override will occur if the car is malfunctioning or if there is a danger/hazard nearby. If the driver is not paying attention, this could lead to danger on the road. To solve this problem, I have proposed a new implementation for autonomous cars using spatial audio. Spatial audio gives sound a 3D effect, orienting the noise in one place and giving audio a direction. I will test manual override in autonomous cars using spatial audio through earbuds. I will use the driving simulator at LMU and have participants perform certain tasks with earbuds in. Then, I will send them an alert and time how long it takes them to take control of the car. I expect that these times will decrease compared to previous research, creating a smoother transfer between the car and the human

Mesolithic coastal community perception of environmental change in the southern North Sea basin

This thesis applies a multi-scalar, multi-disciplinary approach to evaluate the ways in which we have constructed the Mesolithic for the purposes of archaeological research. The human-environment relationship in the southern North Sea basin is used as the lens through which this period is reexamined and redefined. Exploring the nature of this complex interaction on the macro, meso and micro-scale provides greater insight into what it meant to dwell within this landscape during the Mesolithic period. In discussing scales of approach, the means by which research is divided over space and time become a decisive element. The use of political borders to orientate prehistoric archaeology is critically examined and a diffuse structure based on environmental parameters key to the Mesolithic experience of the southern North Sea landscape is offered as a better alternative. Due to the time-transgressive nature of Mesolithic chronology in the North Sea basin, temporal divisions framing the research period, nominally 11,700BP to 7,000BP, are equally permeable; the larger chronological context from the end of the Last Glacial Maximum to the early Neolithic is incorporated into interpretations. To build a multi-scalar interpretation, data from the southern North Sea Mesolithic is analysed at the macro, meso and micro scales. At the micro-scale, a case study in the Waveney valley is used to ground the ideas set forth in this thesis in the complex reality of combining archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data to form interpretations. A database of 2000 boreholes is used to form an understanding of the Mesolithic environment at key stages in the development of this landscape. This is compared with the archaeological record for the region and the possible human perceptions of environmental change during the Mesolithic period are discussed. At each scale, the persistent importance of dynamic change across each axis of evidence considered; environmental, cultural and conceptual; is apparent. This idea of dynamism is, therefore, suggested as the best categorisation of what the Mesolithic experience the southern North Sea landscape; one which provides a more sympathetic and useful conceptualization of the Mesolithic period. It is, therefore, argued that the application of a multi-scalar, multi-disciplinary approach, reflecting this new definition, is substantiated as the most constructive means of carrying out future interpretation

Are Your Data Good Enough: A Checklist for Mining Prospects

This checklist is intended to help geologists collect or review geological data on mining prospects in a manner that will conform to the increasingly stringent reporting requirements. Survey, assay, and geological data are the key initial inputs required to build a robust computer-based resource model. Once the resource model is built, a geologist reviewing the model should understand the methods and assumptions used in interpolating from the initial data to the gridded resource model. Closer cooperation between project geologists and resource modellers should improve the way data are collected initially as well as identifying biases, weakness and inconsistencies within the resource model. SOMMAIRE Voici une liste de vérification à l'intention des géologues qui ont à collecter et analyser les données de gisements minéraux, liste qui leur permettra de se conformer aux normes de compte rendu de plus en plus strictes. Les données de levés, de teneur et de géologie constituent les éléments clés initiaux indispensables pour l'élaboration d'un modèle informatisé de la ressource fiable. Le modèle de ressource retenu doit permettre au géologue de comprendre la méthode suivie ainsi que les hypothèses d'interpolation appliquées aux données initiales conduisant au modèle matriciel de la ressource. Une meilleure collaboration entre les géologues de projet et les modélisateurs de la ressource devrait permettre d'améliorer la qualité des données initiales collectées et de repérer les biais, faiblesses et incongruités du modèle de la ressource

Men's body-related practices and meanings of masculinity

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-94).The present investigation is about men and their bodies. Against the increasing visibility of the (idealised and eroticized) male body in Western popular culture as well as claims that men are becoming the new victims of 'the beauty myth', this study aims to examine men's appearance related practices in relation to meanings of masculinity. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with fifteen men between the ages of 18 and 38. Using that method of discursive analysis developed specifically for the investigation of masculinities by Wetherell & Edley (1999), various subject positions taken up by the men in talking about their appearance related practices were identified. The men positioned themselves as unconcerned with appearance, untraditionally masculine, heterosexual, well-balanced and disembodied. A concern for appearance appears inconsistent with ideals of hegemonic masculinity (as valued by these men), and it is suggested that men are unlikely to constitute a large proportion of those individuals who might be described as 'victims' of 'the beauty myth'