Karakter Fisik dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Nanopartikel Perak Hasil Green Synthesis Menggunakan Ekstrak Air Daun Sendok (Plantago major L.)

Silver nanoparticles have been studied for its application in wound healing therapy, while aqueous extract of Plantago major L has been studied also for its antibacterial and wound healing activity. This study aimed to obtain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through a green synthesis pathway using aqueous extract of Plantago major L. The initial study was performed to optimize the three concentration points of Plantago major L. aqueous extract, namely 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% and three synthetic temperature points (60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C). The formation of AgNPs were confirmed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer which shows a peak at a wavelength of 445 nm. The obtained silver nanoparticles were then characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS Nano), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The study showed that the extract concentration of 0.25% with an optimum temperature of 70 °C was the optimal combination to produce the best AgNPs, based on the organoleptic parameters (as the color of silver was produced), the highest yield with weight of 9.13 mg and particle size of 129.20 nm with Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.25. The morphology of AgNPs showed the spherical shape and the crystallization of AgNPs showed a diffractogram pattern similar to the silver standard using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was tested against three bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was measured with diffusion method using paper disc. The antibacterial activity testing showed that AgNPS has better antibacterial activity than silver nitrate and is equivalent to its comparative antibiotics, gentamicin sulfate for gram-negative bacteria and Chloramphenicol for gram-positive bacteria. Nanopartikel perak telah diteliti pemanfaatannya untuk terapi penyembuhan luka, dan ekstrak air daun sendok (Plantago major L.) juga diteliti aktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri dan penyembuhan luka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan nanopartikel perak (AgNPs) melalui jalur green synthesis menggunakan ekstrak air daun sendok (Plantago major L.). Tahap awal penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan optimasi terhadap tiga konsentrasi ekstrak air Daun Sendok, yaitu 0,125%, 0,25% dan 0,5% dan tiga suhu sintesis yaitu 60°C, 70°C, dan 80°C. Terbentuknya AgNPs dikonfirmasi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis yang menunjukkan puncak pada panjang gelombang 445 nm. Nanopartikel perak yang terbentuk dikarakterisasi dengan Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS Nano), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Aktivitas antibakteri AgNPs diuji terhadap tiga strain bakteri, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa ditentukan dengan metode difusi menggunakan paper disc. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan konsentrasi ekstrak tanaman 0,25% dengan suhu sintesis 70°C merupakan kombinasi optimum untuk menghasilkan AgNPs terbaik, dilihat dari parameter organoleptis berupa kilau perak yang dihasilkan, rendemen tertinggi dengan bobot 9,13 mg dan ukuran partikel terkecil yaitu 129,20 nm dengan nilai PDI (Polydispersity Index) 0,25. Morfologi AgNPs menunjukkan bentuk sferis  dan kristalisasi AgNPs menunjukkan pola difraktogram yang serupa dengan standar perak. Hasil pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan AgNPS memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih baik dari perak nitrat dan setara dengan antibiotik pembandingnya yaitu Gentamicin Sulfat untuk bakteri gram negatif dan kloramfenikol untuk gram positif

A study of the quality of cardiovascular and diabetes medicines in Malang District, Indonesia, using exposure-based sampling

BACKGROUND: The WHO has warned that substandard and falsified medicines threaten health, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the magnitude of that threat for many medicines in different regions is not well described, and high-quality studies remain rare. Recent reviews of studies of cardiovascular and diabetes medicine quality recorded that 15.4% of cardiovascular and 6.8% of diabetes samples failed at least one quality test. Review authors warn that study quality was mixed. Because they did not record medicine volume, no study reflected the risk posed to patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We investigated the quality of five medicines for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Malang district, East Java, Indonesia. Our sample frame, based on dispensing volumes by outlet and price category, included sampling from public and private providers and pharmacies and reflected the potential risk posed to patients. The content of active ingredient was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and compared with the labelled content. Dissolution testing was also performed. We collected a total of 204 samples: amlodipine (88); captopril (22); furosemide (21); glibenclamide (21) and simvastatin (52), comprising 83 different brands/products. All were manufactured in Indonesia, and all samples met specifications for both assay and dissolution. None was suspected of being falsified. CONCLUSIONS: While we cannot conclude that the prevalence of poor-quality medicines in Malang district is zero, our sampling method, which reflects likely exposure to specific brands and outlets, suggests that the risk to patients is very low; certainly nothing like the rates found in recent reviews of surveys in LMICs. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of sampling medicines based on likely exposure to specific products and underlines the dangers of extrapolating results across countries

PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KERJA DAN SEMANGAT KERJA TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT RADIANCE SEMARANG

he more competitive climate in Photo Copy Machine Importer Business is one of that should faced by improving the competitiveness of employees productivity and works enthusiasm. These could be achieving by provide employees with good works environment. However, in fact, the works productivity in company does not achieved selling target yet. The aim of this research is to identify whether there is any impact between works environment and works enthusiasm to employee productivity. The hypothesis submitted is positive impact between works environment and works enthusiasms to the works productivity in PT Radiance Semarang. Type of this research is explanatory research and it explains the relation between research variables. The populations are whole employees in technical parts, which amounts of 25 people. The sample collection method in this research is using proportional random sampling, while data collection technique has performed through observation, questioner and literature. Furthermore, the data gained, is analyze with simple linier regression and multi linier regression – using SPSS. Result from the analysis is that there are positive impact of works environment and works productivity, where t counts (3,003) > t table (2,074) with significance rate of 5%. Therefore, from the works environment variable and works enthusiasms through F test, it can be concluded that hypothesis could be accepted. Moreover, it can be concluded that there is impact between works environment and works enthusiasms to works productivity, where f counts (4,864) > f table (3,443) at significance rate 5%. Based on this research, the conclusion is to improve employee productivity in PT Radiance Semarang it is need to improve works environment by preserving and improving the environment condition and to add other supporting facilities. As for, to improve the company works enthusiasms, they should gives more motivation to employee’s in doing their job, due to employee works enthusiasm that considered high enough

PETUNGAN DINA KANGGO MANTU ING TULUNGAGUNG (Tintingan Fungsi lan Owah owahaning Tradhisi)

PETUNGAN DINA KANGGO MANTU ING TULUNGAGUNG (Tintingan Fungsi lan Owah-owahahing Tradhisi) Risa Aksari Dewi, Dra. Suwarni, M.Pd. Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah (Jawa) Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Surabaya [email protected] Abstrak Petungan yaiku digenahake lan dietung kanthi tliti; wilagan, dina, sasi, taun, lsp. kanggo nemtokake jodho, rejeki, wewaler, lsp. Wujud kabudayan kang ana ing Dhusun Gambar, Desa Mirigambar, Kecamatan Sumbergempol, Kabupaten Tulungagung yaiku Petungan Dina Kanggo Mantu (PDKM). Bab kasebut minangka wujud masyarakat kanggo golek keslametan marang Gusti Pengeran kanggo mantu. Saliyane iku uga nduweni ancas kanggo ngadohake samubarang kang ora dikarepake amarga dina kang dipilih kanggo mantu ora trep. Punjering panliten kang bakal dijlentrehake sajrone panliten yaiku: (1) piguna petungan dina, (2) kepriye carane ngetung dina kanggo mantu, (3) apa fungsine petungan dina kanggo masyarakat ing Tulungagung mligine Desa Mirigambar, lan (4) kepriye owah-owahaning petungan dina kanggo mantu gegayutan karo lumakune jaman. Kanggo nggayuh tujuwane panliten, panliti nggunakake maneka warna konsep. Konsep folklor saka Danandjaja digunakake kanggo mawas wujud folklor. PDKM kalebu saperangan lisan. Sajrone panliten iki kanggo ngandharake ngenani makna nggunakake konsep teorine Pierce, lan pamawase Herusatoto. Kanggo ngandharake ngenani owah-owahaning tradhisi nggunakake pamawase Koentjaraningrat lan Sukarman. Panliten iki nggunkakae metodhe deskriptif kualitatif amarga panliten iki kanggo nggoleki dhata kanthi cara jangkep. Dhata kang digunakake yaiku ngandhut sawijining makna. Saliyane iku dhata kang dikumpulake arupa tembung lan gambar. Dhata kasebut dipikolehi kanthi cara metodhe lan teknik observasi. Tatacara nganalisis dhata sajrone panliten iki nggunanake open coding, axial coding, lan selective coding. Asil panliten PDKM ngandharake ngenani piguna petungan dina tumrap masyarakat ing Tulungagung mligine desa Mirigambar. Ing jaman biyen masyarakat ing desa Mirigambar padha nganut agama Hindu, kabuten saka anane peningglan arupa candhi kanggo sarana ibadah. Wiwitan saka iku petungan dina ditindakake nganti saiki. Petungan dina kasebut disebarake kanthi cara turun tumurun kanthi pathokan kang akeh. Miturut ajaran kang wis disebarake pathokan kasebut ora bisa dipisah-pisah lan ana gegayutane. Pathokan kasebut antarane: (1) taun, (2) penanggalan, (3) sasi, (4) dina lan pasarane, (5) wuku, lan (6) pasungdari. Pasungdari minangka cara petungan dina kang mbedakake karo cara petungan dina ing desa liya. Sarana kang digunakake sajrone petungan dina yaiku epek-epek tangan kiwa. Fungsi saka PDKM yaiku: (1) kanggo golek keslametan saka Gusti Kang Maha Kuwaos nalika mantu, (2) kanggo ngadohne masyarakat saka samubarang kang ora dikarepake, lan (3) kanggo njaga kalestarene petungan dina kang wis ana wiwit jaman leluhur, supaya ora ilang lan cures. PDKM ing jaman saiki lan biyen tamtune ana bedane. Babagan kang beda sajrone PDKM yaiku cara pamilihan tanggal, sarana pengetungan, lan cara ngetung dina. Owah-owahan sajrone PDKM iku dijalari saka rong faktor. Faktor saka njero kang njalari owah-owahane kabudayan yaiku discovery lan invention, dene faktor saka jaba yaiku anane difusi lan akulturasi

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antioksidan, Kadar Fenol dan Flavonoid Total Daun Sendok (Plantago Major L.) Hasil Ekstraksi dengan Bantuan Microwave pada Suhu 70 C dan 100 C

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbandingan suhu ekstraksi menggunakan bantuan microwave (Microwave Assisted Extraction = MAE) pada suhu 70ºC dan 100ºC terhadap aktivitas antioksidan, kadar fenol dan flavonoid total daun sendok (Plantago major L.). Uji aktivitas peredaman radikal bebas DPPH dilakukan secara spektrofotometri tampak (λ = 520 nm). Penetapan kadar fenol total dilakukan dengan metode Folin Ciocalteu secara spektrofotometri tampak (λ = 706 nm) dengan pembanding asam galat. Penetapan kadar flavonoid total dilakukan dengan bantuan AlCl3 secara spektrofotometri tampak (λ = 503 nm) dengan pembanding katekin. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai EC50, kadar fenol dan flavonoid total MAE suhu 70ºC masing-masing adalah setara dengan 465,46 bpj bahan; 1,59% b/b GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent); dan 1,1,83% b/b CE (Cathecin Equivalent). Sedangkan untuk MAE suhu 100ºC diperoleh setara dengan 375,82 bpj bahan; 1,71% b/b GAE; dan 2,03% b/b CE. Hasil perhitungan statistik t-test (α = 0,05) terhadap nilai EC50 dan kadar flavonoid total menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna antara MAE 70ºC dan 100ºC, sedangkan kadar fenol total pada kedua suhu tersebut sama. Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan MAE 100ºC lebih baik daripada MAE 70ºC

Pengaruh Gaya Hidup, Perceived Benefit, dan Perceived Risk terhadap Niat Menggunakan Kartu Kredit di Indonesia

Kartu kredit menjadi salah satu alat pembayaran nontunai yang diminati masyarakat, ditandai dengan terus meningkatnya jumlah kartu yang beredar, volume dan nominal transaksi kartu kredit di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh gaya hidup, perceived benefit, dan perceived risk terhadap niat menggunakan kartu kredit di Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah 140 orang diambil dengan metode purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner secara online dan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gaya hidup dan perceived benefit berpengaruh positif terhadap niat menggunakan kartu kredit, sedangkan perceived risk berpengaruh negatif terhadap niat menggunakan kartu kredit. Perceived benefit dan perceived risk menjadi faktor terkuat yang mempengaruhi niat menggunakan kartu kredit, sehingga disarankan bagi pihak bank untuk memberikan pemahaman mengenai manfaat dan risiko dari kartu kredit kepada konsumen melalui edukasi berupa sosialisasi atau seminar. Kata kunci: gaya hidup, perceived benefit, perceived risk, niat menggunaka

Continuity of CVD treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from East Java, Indonesia

Abstract Background In Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death and disability. Government efforts to reduce the burden of CVD include a community-based prevention and early detection programme, and the provision of medicines to prevent cardiovascular events. Disruptions to medicine supply chains, service provision, and movement during the COVID-19 pandemic potentially threatened the continuity of these efforts. We investigated the distribution and dispensing of common CVD medicines in Malang district, East Java, before the pandemic and early in its course. Methods From January to October 2020, we collected monthly data on stock levels, sales or dispensing volumes, and price for five common CVD medicines (amlodipine, captopril, furosemide, glibenclamide and simvastatin), from a public and a private distributor, and from public health facilities (n = 4) and private pharmacies (n = 2). We further complied monthly data on patient numbers in two primary health centres. We tracked changes in stocks held and volumes dispensed by medicine type and sector, comparing the three months before the local COVID-19 response was mobilised with the subsequent seven months. We conducted interviews with pharmacists (n = 12), community health workers (n = 2) and a supply chain logistics manager to investigate the reasons for observed changes, and to learn details of any impacts or mitigation measures. Results The pandemic affected demand more than supply, causing medicine stocks to rise. Restricted service provision, lock-down measures and fear of infection contributed to a sharp drop in patient numbers and dispensing volumes in the public sector. Meanwhile private sector sales, especially of lower-priced CVD medicines, rose. Community health workers attributed some poor health outcomes to interruption in regular patient check-ups; this interruption was aggravated by formal mitigation policies. Conclusions Fears that COVID-19 would interrupt medicine availability were unfounded in East Java. Public sector patients may have compensated for reduced service access by switching to private pharmacies. Mitigation policies that ignored administrative procedures were not effective