Formulasi Sediaan Losio Ekstrak Etanol Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) Sebagai Penumbuh Rambut Terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan Galur Wistar

ABSTRACTMeniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) is a plant used to promote hair growth. In this research, ethanolic extract of P.niruri was formulated into lotion because it was more evenly distributed and non sticky in use compared to cream and gel. The aims of this research is to determine the hair growth activity of the ethanolic extract of P.niruri and the effect of using menthol 1% as an enhancer in lotion formulation. In this research two formula were being tested where Formula I (F1) without menthol 1% and Formula II (F2) with menthol 1%. The 5% of extract was being used in the formulation. The lotion was applied to the rat�s skin and the hair length was measured on day 7, 14 and 21, while the hair weight was measured on day 21. The results showed that the average hair length on F2 (12.68 � 3.13 mm) was longer than the F1 (11.21 � 2.58 mm) although there was no significant difference between both formulas. The average hair weight on F2 (23.00 � 10.74 mg) was greater that the F1 which was only 15.83 � 6.11 mg. Both formulas have a longer hair growth activity compared to normal controls (10.74 � 0.86 mm). It can be concluded that the lotion of ethanolic extract of P. niruri could promote hair growth in white wistar rats and the addition of 1% menthol as an enhancer gave better hair growth activity in F2 group.�ABSTRAKMeniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) adalah tanaman yang digunakan sebagai penumbuh rambut. Pada penelitian ini, ekstrak etanol meniran diformulasikan dalam sediaan losio karena penyebarannya lebih merata dan tidak lengket dalam penggunaanya dibandingkan sediaan krim dan gel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas sediaan losio ekstrak etanol meniran dan pengaruh penambahan mentol 1% dalam sediaan losio sebagai penumbuh rambut terhadap tikus putih jantan galur wistar. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 2 formula yaitu Formula I (F1) tanpa mentol 1% dan Formula II (F2) dengan penambahan mentol 1%. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 5%. Sediaan losio kemudian diaplikasikan pada kulit tikus secara topikal dan selanjutnya panjang rambut diukur pada hari ke-7, 14 dan 21 sedangkan bobot rambut diukur pada hari ke-21. Hasil pengujian aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut pada hari ke-21 menunjukkan rata-rata panjang rambut, pada F2 memiliki aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut yang lebih panjang yaitu 12,68 � 3,13 mm dari pada F1 yaitu 11,21 � 2,58 mm meskipun perbedaannya tidak signifikan dan bobot rambut F2 sebesar 23,00�10,74 mg lebih berat dari pada F1 yaitu 15,83�6,11 mg. Kedua formula memiliki aktivitas penumbuh rambut yang lebih panjang dibandingkan dengan kontrol normal (10,74�0,86 mm). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sediaan losio ekstrak etanol P.niruri memiliki aktivitas sebagai penumbuh rambut dan adanya penambahan mentol 1% sebagai enhancer memberikan pertumbuhan rambut yang lebih baik pada kelompok F2

Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) dengan Metode Difusi Cakram

ABSTRACTShallots (Allium cepa L.) are generally used as cooking ingredients by the community. The part of the shallot widely used is only a part of the tuber, while the outer shell of the shallot is thrown away because it is only considered as wastes. Based on phytochemical screening results, extract of shallot peels contains phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The purpose of this research is to know the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram positive bacteria, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli as Gram negative bacteria and also antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The study was performed using disc diffusion method with the variation of concentration of ethanol extract of the peels of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 1.5625% w/v, respectively, the positive control of chloramphenicol for bacteria, the positive control of nystatin for fungi and the negative control of DMSO. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli at the concentration of 50% was 11.75 mm, 16.03 mm, 9.42 mm and 7.77 mm, respectively. The inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Trichophyton mentagrophytes at the concentration of 50% was 18.53 mm. As conclusion, ethanol extract of the shallot peels could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella thypi, Escherichia coli and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.�ABSTRAKBawang merah (Allium cepa L.) secara umum digunakan sebagai bumbu masakan oleh masyarakat. Bagian dari bawang merah yang banyak dimanfaatkan adalah bagian umbinya saja, sedangkan bagian kulit terluar dari bawang merah tersebut dibuang karena hanya dianggap sebagai limbah. Berdasarkan hasil skrining fitokimia, ekstrak kulit bawang merah mengandung senyawa fenolik, flavonoid dan terpenoid yang dapat memberikan daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus sebagai bakteri Gram positif, �Salmonella thypi dan Eschericia coli sebagai bakteri Gram negatif serta aktivitas antijamur terhadap jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode difusi cakram dengan beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah yaitu 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125% dan 1,5625% b/v serta kontrol positif kloramfenikol untuk bakteri, kontrol positif nistatin untuk jamur dan DMSO sebagai kontrol negatif. Diameter hambat yang dihasilkan pada pengujian ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi dan Eschericia coli dengan konsentrasi 50% berturut-turut adalah 11,75 mm; 16,03 mm;� 9,42 mm dan 7,77 mm. Diameter hambat yang dihasilkan pada pengujian ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah terhadap jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes dengan konsentrasi 50% adalah 18,53 mm. Sebagai kesimpulan, ekstrak etanol kulit bawang merah memiliki aktivitas dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella thypi, Escherichia coli dan jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Improvement of Losartan Transdermal Permeation using Oleic Acid Pretreatment: in Vitro Observation and in Vivo Prediction

ABSTRACTThe effect of oleic acid on losartan transdermal permeation has been observed to explore its ability as chemical enhancer.� Potassium losartan solutions in citric buffer pH 5.0 were made in two levels of concentration i.e. 2 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL using propylene glycol 15% as solubilizing agent. Losartan transport from such solutions with and without oleic acid one hour pretreatment were tested using male Wistar rat skin as a membrane for 30 hours in vertical diffusion sel.� The transport profiles were analyzed based on the lag time diffusion method.� It is showed that oleic acid pretreatment did not effect on losartan permeation rate and efficiency of 2 mg/mL potassium losartan concentration. However, such pretreatment enhanced losartan permeation rate and efficiency 21 and 23-fold higher respectively for 10 mg/mL the potassium losartan concentration.� It is predicted that losartan minimum effective plasma concentration can be achieved in transdermal administration through this transport improvement in normal application area

Antidiabetics activity of salam koja (murraya koenigii ) leaves tea bag

Background: Koja bay leaves (Murraya koenigii) which mostly cultivated in Indonesia and the leaves usually used by Aceh people as a flavoring agent for food, has been known to have an antidiabetic effect.. In this study, we analyzed the antidiabetic effect of koja bay leaves tea bags which commercially available. Methods: The two variant doses of koja bay leaves tea bag (411.11 mg/g body weight and 822.22 mg/g body weight) were administered to 25 male rats which divided into five groups. The antidiabetic activity was determined by measuring blood glucose of rats administered by koja bay leaves tea bag compared to blood glucose of rats in positive control which was given glibenclamide negative control, and normal control. Results: The results showed that dose 1 and 2 decreased blood glucose level by 51.27% and 45.17%, respectively, fairly similar to the glibenclamide (63.38%). Conclusion: Koja bay leaves tea bag have comparable activity with glibenclamide in reducing the blood glucose level

The Effectiveness of Clinical Pharmacist Intervention in Reducing Drug Related Problems of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient in Tangerang District General Hospital, Indonesia

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical pharmacist interventions in reducing drug-related problems (DRPs) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients in the Tangerang District General Hospital, Banten, Indonesia. This study used a prospective analysis of patients with a pre-post design between January-March 2017. The Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) (V6.2) pre-post study system was used to identify the DRPs of 138 patients. The Pharmacist interventions were addressed to physicians, patients, and other health professions to determine the effectiveness of pharmacist interventions before and after the intervention. The number of identified DRPs was 177 problems and the identified types of DRP was 164 types. The pharmacist interventions significantly decreased the DRPs from 177 to 10 DRPs (p<0.05) and type of DRPs from 164 to 10 types of DRPs (p<0.05). Risk factors for nutritional status, type of ALL, comorbidities, number of drug items, and type of treatments did not significantly affect (p>0.05) to the decreased of the number and type of DRPs. Clinical pharmacist interventions able to reduce the number and type of DRPs and can improve treatment outcomes in childhood ALL

Optimasi Komposisi Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus pada Yogurt Terfortifikasi Buah Lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli

Optimasi komposisi Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus pada yogurt terfortifikasi buah lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli telah dilakukan. Yogurt dibuat dengan memfermentasikan susu bubuk full cream dengan penambahan variasi kultur bakteri L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus, serta penambahan ekstrak buah lakum. Proses fermentasi sangat bergantung pada kultur bakteri yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi optimal bakteri  L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus pada yogurt terfortifikasi buah lakum sebagai antibakteri pada E. coli. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara memvariasikan komposisi bakteri L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus pada yogurt buah lakum. Analisis terhadap yogurt buah lakum dilakukan dengan pengujian stabilitas keasaman, pH, kadar antosianin dan aktivitas daya hambat terhadap bakteri E.coli. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa yogurt buah lakum dengan kombinasi L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) memberikan stabilitas yang baik selama penyimpanan dengan nilai keasaman yang meningkat dan pH yang turun. Kadar antosianin dalam yogurt selama penyimpanan mengalami penurunan dan yogurt plain (tanpa penambahan ekstrak buah lakum) dengan kombinasi L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) memiliki daya hambat terhadap bakteri E. coli dengan nilai yang paling tinggi.   Optimization of composition of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in yoghurt fortified by lakum fruit (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) extract as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli was investigated for the first time in this research. Yoghurt was made by fermenting milk with several compositions of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus as starter cultures and also adding lakum fruit extract as an antibacterial against E. coli. The fermentation process was depended on the bacterial culture used. The aim of the research was to determine the optimal composition of L. Bulgaricus and S. thermophilus bacteria in lakum fruit yoghurt as an antibacterial against E. coli. The research was done by making variation of composition of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus bacteria culture in lakum fruit yoghurt. Lakum fruit yoghurt was analysed with acidity stability test, pH, anthocyanin level and inhibitory activity against E. coli. The data analysis was done with MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). The results showed that lakum fruit yoghurt with composition of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) had a good stability with increased acidity dan decreased pH. The value of anthocyanin in lakum fruit yogurt decreased and plain yoghurt (without lakum fruit extract) with composition of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) gave the highest inhibitory value against E. coli

Preventive Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Rats

Endothelial dysfunction has been considered as one of the key initial events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several studies imply that chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in endothelial dysfunction. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced endothelial dysfunction in rat based on malondialdehyde (MDA) level and vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (VCAM-1) expression. Thirty Wistar rats were administered ALA for 2 weeks in different doses (30, 60, 120 mg.kg-1 BW) 1 hour before LPS 0.5 mg.kg-1 BW i.p challenge. The LPS was injected on 1st, 4th, and 9th day. MDA plasma level was analyzed with spectrophotometer λ 529 nm, and VCAM-1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Pretreatment with ALA for 14 days could decrease plasma MDA level on LPS-induced endothelial dysfunction in rats. However, only one group of ALA doses, 120 mg.kg-1 BW, showed significant difference with LPS untreated group statistically. It was also found that ALA, in all treatment groups, could attenuate VCAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that ALA had a protective effect against endothelial dysfunction and may potentially prevent vascular inflammatory disease

Synthesis of Polymer-Drug Conjugates Using Natural Polymer: What, Why and How?

For years, natural polymers have played a significant role in pharmaceutical field due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In Indonesia, most research in natural polymers focus on application of the polymers as inert pharmaceutical excipients or as drug matrix in micro- and nano- particle. Meanwhile, research about polymers in the world (mostly synthetic polymers) have been progressed to advanced drug delivery system. In this system, the polymer can act as either pharmacologically active molecules, or sophisticated carrier in targeted prodrug delivery system. The latter is called polymer-drug conjugates, a system where the drugs are covalently attached to a polymeric carrier, rather than simply entrapped in polymer matrix. Natural polymers have been one of the materials to use for the carrier due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review article emphasizes the opportunity, challenges and strategies to use natural polymers as carrier in polymer-drug conjugates. Moreover, we also discuss some aspects in regards of the synthesis and analysis, to give some perspectives and encouragement for the Indonesian researcher who are interested in exploring this research field

Karakterisasi Gelatin Hasil Ekstraksi dari Kulit Ikan Patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) dengan Proses Asam dan Basa

Gelatin yang ada di pasaran mayoritas berasal dari babi dan sapi. Bahan baku pembuatan gelatin dari sumber lain terus diteliti karena erat kaitannya dengan kehalalan produk. Saat ini gelatin dari ikan merupakan salah satu alternatif sumber pembuatan gelatin. Ikan patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) adalah jenis ikan yang dikembangkan di Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau. Kulit ikan patin ini dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber bahan baku pada pembuatan gelatin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil karakterisasi gelatin yang diekstraksi dari kulit ikan patin melalui proses asam dan basa. Pada proses asam digunakan asam sulfat pH 3 lalu diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60oC. Pada proses basa, dilakukan penambahan NaOH 0,2 N yang diikuti dengan asam asetat 0,05 N dan diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60oC. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi perhitungan nilai rendemen, uji organoleptis, kadar air, pH, kadar abu, viskositas, kekuatan gel dan analisis profil tekstur menggunakan texture analyzer, kadar protein dengan metode Kjeldahl dan kadar asam amino secara KCKT. Karakterisasi gelatin ikan patin dengan proses asam memberikan hasil sebagai berikut: rendemen (14,94%), kadar air (9,80%), pH (5,14), kadar abu (0,19%), viskositas (3,12 cP), kadar protein (97,71%), dan kadar asam amino tertinggi yaitu glisin = 16,90%, prolin = 11,08%, asam glutamat = 9,10%. Hasil karakterisasi gelatin dengan proses basa: rendemen (14,30%), kadar air (7,25%), pH (5,35), kadar abu (1,54%), viskositas (5,35 cP), kekuatan gel (141,5 g), kadar protein (91,92%), kadar asam amino paling banyak yaitu glisin = 18,15% , prolin = 12,30% , asam glutamat = 10,73%. Gelatin ikan patin yang dihasilkan melalui proses basa menunjukkan karakteristik yang lebih baik daripada proses asam.Gelatin in the majority market comes from pigs and cows. The raw material of gelatin manufacture from other sources continue to be studied because it closely related with halal product. Currently gelatin from fish is an alternative to gelatin making. Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a fish species developed in Kampar regency of Riau Province.The catfish skin can be used as raw material source in gelatin production. This study aims to compare the characteristics of gelatin extracted from catfish skin with acid and alkaline pretreatment. In the acid pretreatment, sulfuric acid is used until the solution at pH 3, then it is extracted with distilled water at 60ºC. In the alkaline pretreatment, the sample was added by 0.2 N NaOH followed by 0.05 N acetic acid and then extracted with distilled water at 60ºC. Characterizations done were including calculation of rendement value, organoleptic test, moisture content, pH, ash content, viscosity, gel strength and texture profile analysis using texture analyzer, protein content with Kjeldahl method and analysis amino acid with HPLC. Characterization of catfish gelatin with acid process gives the following results: rendement (14.94%), water content (9.80%), pH (5.14), ash (0.19%), viscosity (3.12 cP), protein content (97.71%), and highest amino acids, glycine = 16.90 %, proline = 11.08%, glutamic acid = 9.10 %. The result of gelatin characterizations with alkaline process: rendement (14.30%), water content (7.25%), and pH (5.35), ash content (1.54%), viscosity (5.35 cP), gel strength (141,5 g), protein content (91.92%), the highest amino acid content are glycine = 18.15%, proline = 12.30%, glutamic acid = 10.73%. Catfish gelatin through alkaline pretreatment exhibits better properties than acid pretreatment

L-citrulline as Alternative Pharmacological Substance in Protecting Against Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has contributed average 30% of global death diagnoses. Attempts of physicians to transiently relieve CVD came down to using focally targeted drugs. Struggle to find other treatment strategies is done to discover alternatives that serve to not only cure, but also prevent CVDs, or that do not require such a precise administration in order to minimize side-effects. This review would offer using L-citrulline as potential therapeutics in treating and preventing CVDs. This compound, found mostly in Citrus sp., contains chemical trait that could affect other bodily physiology, especially boosting nitric oxide (NO) production. Enhancing NO bioavailability suppresses the risk of myocardial oxidative stress due to ischemia and cardiac pressure-overload, as well as pulmonary hypertension. So, understanding of L-citrulline effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway in generation of NO and its uncoupling mechanisms may serve as fundamental treatment for oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular diseases with or without prophylaxis.