Effects Of Zerumbone From Zingiber Zerumbet On Cervicalcancer-Induced Female Balb/C Mice

In the present study, the chemotherapeutic potential of zerumbone towards HeLa cell line and cervical cancer induced in female Balblc mice were investigated. The chemotherapeutic potential of zerumbone was compared with cisplatin, a commercial drug used to treat cervical cancer. The cytotoxicity of both zerumbone and cisplatin towards HeLa cell line were determined using MTT assay. The findings showed that the ICso value (* S.E.M) of zerumbone towards HeLa cell line was 11.3 * 0.2 pM, whilst the ICSO value of cisplatin was 7.5 * 0.3 pM. Both IC50 values for zerumbone and cisplatin fall within the very significant group based on the National Cancer Institute Standard. All the values are significant (P < 0.01). The HeLa cells were treated with ICso concentration of zerumbone and cisplatin respectively for morphological analysis using inverted microscopy. The results showed significant growth retardation in HeLa iii cells exposed to zerumbone and cisplatin at 24,48 and 72 hours, whilst the control cells are well spread and confluent. Pregnant female Balblc mice were exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 13'~to 1 8 '~d ay of gestation. The progeny of the DESexposed mothers developed cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. These progenies were divided into 4 groups and were either given treatment with normal saline, 8 mglkg zerumbone, 16 mg/kg zerumbone and 10 mg/kg cisplatin. The mice were sacrificed following the treatments and their cervical tissues subjected to histological examination, TUNEL Assay and immunohistochemistry. The histological examination revealed that both zerumbone and cisplatin treatments were able to inhibit the progression of cervical dysplasia fiom becoming more severe dysplasia (CIN 3). In the mice treated with normal saline, the dysplasia had progressed to CIN 3 (severe dysplasia). The TUNEL assay micrographs showed that there was no apoptosis in the cervical tissue of the normal saline treated mice compared to the cervical tissue of mice treated with zerumbone and cisplatin, where abundant apoptotic cells were noticed. The levels of serum IL-6 were suppressed in mice treated with zerumbone and cisplatin. In contrast, mice treated with normal saline showed elevated level of serum IL-6. Immunohistochemistry study demonstrated that the production level of membrane bound IL-6 receptor had been suppressed by the treatment of zerumbone and cisplatin compared to mice treated with normal saline which had a higher concentration of membrane bound IL-6 receptors. This showed that both zerumbone and cisplatin act in a similar manner in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, it is suggested that zerumbone, a plant derived compound, could be explored as a new anti cancer agent for treating cervical cancer in the future

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENRE AND IDEOLOGY OF NEWS TEXTS RELATED TO THE FIRST DEBATE OF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE IN ELECTION 2014 PUBLISHED BY The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe WEBSITES

This research was conducted to discover and compare the ideology of news texts published in The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe websites after the first debate of presidential candidate during pre-election 2014. It was also executed to describe how the objectivity of the both media in serving the information to the readers. This research is based on a Systemic Functional Linguistics approach from Halliday (1994), focusing on interpersonal meaning analysis. It employs descriptive qualitative research and uses total sampling. The realization of mood system, mood structure, transitivity, modality, and (attitudinal/ descriptive) lexis system are displayed to discover the status and affect among participants. Text structure analysis is also attached to explore its genre and ideology of both texts. Then, all the results are correlated to media theory talking about the stances and objectivity in looking newsworthiness. There are some key findings in the thesis. First, both of news texts dominantly employ proposition clause for giving information. It indicates the status of the writer towards the readers which is close but still equal. The propositional clauses in both texts also show the judgement from the writer towards the candidates in the debate. It is proved by the use of Verbal Behvioral Process which is dominantly used in both texts. Thus, it displays the ‘affect’ of the writer of both texts who prefer Jokowi-Kalla to Prabowo-Hatta. Second, although the stance of both texts belongs to Jokowi-Kalla, the writer of The Jakarta Globe sounds more objective by quoting some others’ opinion, using discussion genre, and being protagonist. Meanwhile, the writer of The Jakarta Post seems more subjective since the judgements are coming from one-sided point of view, with analytical exposition genre, and being antagonist. Finally, related to media theory, the last finding shows that both media during the election is no longer obeying code ethics of journalism. The result shows that they did not publish facts only, but also opinion. The reason why they choose to be like that is for gaining newsworthiness in aim of attracting human interest. Keywords: SFL, Interpersonal meaning, genre, ideology, news texts, media, Indonesia election

Tribal Rights in the Novel Uyarathin Thalvukal (Lows of Elevation)

Human rights are great. To make man live as a human being. It is common to all, regardless of country, race, language, or religion. The United Nations organization and the Constitution of India have taken various initiatives to protect these human rights. However, it can be seen here and there that the dominant class finds pleasure in suppressing the poor and exploiting their labour. The poor, who live in ignorance and fear, are subservient to the dominant class without even being aware of their rights. The only category of such simple people is the tribals living in the hills. Since neither the government's help nor the welfare schemes have reached these people, they are living in a very lower position than the common poor living on the plains. In his novel "Uyarathin Thalvukal", Su.Samudram has recorded the lives of Malayalis, the tribals living in the Kalvarayan Hills. This novel emphasizes that even though they live in the high mountains, their lives are at a very low level without any rights. The essence of their labour is absorbed into the luxurious life of the Jagirs living on the plains. Their lives were ruined by exorbitant taxation and harsh punishments. When they are freed from the Jagirs, their lives are filled with misery by the forest officials. The women of the Kalvarayan hills fall prey to the physical hunger of the dominant class. The purpose of this article is to examine and highlight the rights that have been violated in the lives of these people who have no food to eat and who do not have proper treatment for their ailments through the novel "Lows of Elevation"

A Study of Verbal Phrase Theory in Mannan Chinnandi's Narratives

Mannan Chinnandi's father Mudharsonai was the ruler of a small area called Vellalur (Vellalur is a town in Maellur taluka of Madurai district). Eghuvaka Nachia was born in the region of Sirukudi. Mudharsonai and Eghuvakka Nachiya get married. Both of them have a daughter named Karala Purantha Karuthavanam and twins named Peperumal and Chinnandi. Eghuvakka Nachiya's brothers give her some land as dowry during her marriage. Mudharsonai goes to cultivate the land given to him by his brothers-in-law. But the wives of his brothers-in-law prevents him to enter the land. Mudharsonai is killed by his younger brother-in-law. Eghuvaka Nachiya also dies after hearing about her husband's death. Karala Purantha raises her younger brother. His uncle was responsible for the death of his parents. Chinandi often clashes with his uncle’s family. He and his sister turn into a on the Madurai Alaghar temple hill. In the end, Peperumal destroys his uncle's family and turns him into stone next to his siblings. A. M. Sathyamurthy has published the story of Mannan Chinnandi. The purpose of this article is to explore the oral communication strategies learned in this story

Public Sector Performance Auditing and Accountability:A Fijian Case Study

This thesis examines how and theorises as to why performance auditing in the Fijian public sector was inexplicably discontinued in 1997. The Fijian socio-political history during, after and prior to the 1970-2000 period, in which the practice of performance auditing emerged, was implemented and was subsequently discontinued is explored. The study draws on critical hermeneutics to interpret the text empirics, and informs the research findings using Roberts’ (1991, 1996, 2010) interpretation of accountability. The findings revealed that powerful actors and institutions such as the Auditors-General, Ministers of Finance, Public Service Commission, Public Accounts Committee members, auditees and the Asian Development Bank influenced the changes in public sector auditing in Fiji. During the 1970-1997 period Auditors-General (Bhim, Narain and Datt) held the government and the auditees to account by performing compliance to budget and financial attest audits. Their efforts were constrained by the Ministers of Finance who withheld funds and the Public Service Commission, which failed to recruit sufficient staff. In 1995, Auditor-General Datt undertook performance auditing without a mandate, Auditors-General Datt and Jacobs efforts to seek a performance audit mandate were overlooked by the Minister of Finance (Kubuabola) during 1996-1998. In 1999, the Rabuka government enacted the new Public Finance Management Act, which provided the Auditor-General with limited scope for performance auditing. The Chaudry government recalled this Act thus withholding the limited scope. The conclusions were the Auditors-General used accounting to make visible the conduct of the auditees during the 1970-1995 period. The media extensively publicised the audit findings and disclosures creating a perception of lack of accountability. The successive indigenous Fijian led governments inspired by the need for political supremacy overlooked the audit findings and effectively deflected being held to account. The spirit of the Westminster system of auditing was not honoured and served as a symbolic gesture. During 1995-1996 Auditor General Datt overstepped the provisions of the 1970 Audit Act and implemented performance auditing thus incorporating non-accounting information to hold the accountors to account. Literature on performance auditing indicates that this practice is widely accepted in most western democracies this is not so in Fiji, partly because of the dominance of tribal structures and asymmetrical power distributions. The implication for policy makers, government and the Auditor-General is that changes in audit scope be accompanied by changes in relevant statute. Socialising form of accountability accompanied with the traditional hierarchal form offers the potential to reduce the asymmetrical power distribution amongst the powerful actors in the public (audit) sector. This combination also offers a greater chance to the accountee to effectively hold the accountor to account for both accounting and non-accounting performance. Transparencies created by accounting be followed by consequences so that accountors take responsibility for their action. The donor agency and other change agencies such as the Auditor-General be sensitive to the unique political and cultural circumstances of the indigenous community in a less developed country such as Fiji

Statistical optimization of compression coated ketoprofen tablet using amylose/ethyl cellulose mixture for colonic delivery

In the present study the effect of two independent factors (amount of ethyl cellulose in coating layer and coating level) on ketoprofen release from compression coated tablet in order to optimize coated tablet for colonic delivery. 3 2 factorial design was used for designing coated formulation. Amount of ethyl cellulose (X1) and coating level (X2) were selected as independent variables. The studied responses were drug release at 5 hr (Y1) and drug release at 10 hr (Y2). The core tablets were compression coated with different ratio of amylose and ethylcellulose. In vitro drug release study was carried out in pH1.2 for 2 hr, pH 7.4 for 3 hr and goat caecal medium for 5 hr. Drug release revealed that amount of ethyl cellulose and coating level have antagonistic effect on drug release. Multiple regression analysis was used for generation of polynomial equation and optimization of formulation. The optimized formulation consisted of ethyl cellulose (14.33 %) and coating level (318 mg) provided a release profile that is closed to estimated values. The model is found to be accurate and robust for optimization of compression-coated tablet for colonic delivery of ketoprofe

BRANDING IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET – A RESEARCH STUDY ABOUT TIRUPUR, INDIA

Abstract International Marketing is in continuous uptrend, due to the digitalised platform of marketing. As technology creates leaps in communication, transportation, and financial flows, the world continues to feel smaller and smaller. It is possible for companies and consumers to conduct business in almost any country around the world thanks to advances in international trade. Tirupur is considered as an export hub, and land of garments where premium end quality brands are being manufactured and are available in product display in giant retail stores across boundaries. Entrepreneurs in Tirupur are more comfortable in dealing business in foreign labels. Very few brands of Tirupur, India are in the name of Indian brands in the global market. This study is to understand the reasons for the entrepreneurs’ opinion and factors that hinders the branding and labelling of Tirupur based garments in Indian names. Primary and secondary data were collected to rule out the findings of the study. The results proves that, the success is in near future, sure “Indian garments will acquire a prominent niche under Indian brand names in the global market”

Public sector performance auditing: Emergence, purpose and meaning

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extant Anglo-American literature on 'performance auditing for the public sector', in order to identify the socio-economic and political themes that influenced the emergence of public sector performance auditing. The paper also seeks to develop an understanding of the role and practice of performance auditing in the public sector. Common catalysts for change appear to rest in the influence of the local governmental senior auditor (e.g. Auditor General), the existence of public sector reform and changes in standardisation generally. The traditional role of the public sector auditor has undergone significant change over time. In particular, the scope of the public sector audit now exceeds the expectation that the auditor only check for regulatory and procedural compliance. It is now expected that the auditor enhance accountability in the management of public sector resources. The perceived objectives of performance auditing (economy, efficiency and effectiveness) emerge as a strong theme, one which seems to comply with these more modern expectations of performance

Pattern of cervical lesions, with emphasis on precancer and cancer in a tertiary care hospital of Southern India

Background: Carcinoma cervix is the most common form of cancer in India. Screening is cost-effective but compliance is an issue. Most women present to hospitals at first visit. We studied the pattern of women with carcinoma cervix who presented to the gynecology outpatient department of a large hospital in southern India.Methods: Women attending the gynecology outpatient department of King George hospital were evaluated for the presence of cervical lesions. A complete history was obtained. Biopsies from the cervix were obtained from the aceto-white areas, fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin.  Results: 860 cervical biopsy specimens were received. By routine hematoxylin eosin stains, 180 had precancerous lesions and cancerous lesions with more than two risk factors; in the study period, a total of 253 cervical neoplasms were recorded: 103 were in the pre-cancerous stage (CINU1: 74; 71.84%, CIN II 20/103; 19.41%, CIN III 9/103; 8.73%). Of the 150 cancerous lesions, maximum were SCC non-keratinising (130; 92%). A subset (viz 45/180; 25%) were tested for HPV DNA using Polymerase Cycle Reaction (PCR). The commonest presenting symptom was leucorrhea (40%). Most women reported age of first intercourse below 30 years. On visual examination of cervix, most (25; 55.55%) had exophytic growth and erosion (14; 31.11%). More than 80% (n: 24) presented in stage II and III cancer (n:27).Conclusion: In this hospital based study from a large institution from Southern India, out of 860 cervical biopsy specimens studied, 180 (32.14%) had precancerous lesions and cancerous lesions with more than two risk factors.