An Overview of the Biochemical and Histopathological Effects of Insecticides

The number of studies on insecticides, which constitute an important class of pesticides, is increasing day by day. These chemicals used in the fight against pests in the field of agriculture; It is also used to fight mosquitoes and insects in homes, gardens and rural areas. Excessive use of insecticides has adversely affected many beneficial organisms besides target organisms. As a result of the negative effects of insecticides on non-target organisms, the normal balance of nature has been disturbed and this has led to the decline of some living species in the world. In many studies from the past to the present, it has been shown that these insecticides have negative effects on the environment, human and animal health. Some of these chemicals, which have many benefits in the fight against agricultural pests, have been banned due to their harmful effects on non-target organisms as a result of excessive use. Today, however, these chemicals are still used intensively against agricultural pests, threatening non-target organisms and human health. For this reason, in this book chapter we have prepared, the negative effects of insecticides on living things are examined by reviewing biochemical and histopathological studies

Gaziantep’te kurutmalık olarak tüketilen bazı sebzelerde (bamya, acı ve tatlı biber, kabak, patlıcan) total antioksidan/oksidan seviyenin araştırılması

Değişen dünya düzeni, küresel olarak artan insan nüfusu paralelinde iyi yaşam beklentilerini de beraberindegetirmiştir. Artan bu beklentiler kısıtlı olan kaynakların ve enerjilerin doğru kullanılmasını gerekli kılmaktadır.Bu anlamda mevsiminde taze olarak tüketilen sebzelerin kurutularak değerlendirilmesi ve böylece her mevsimtüketilebilir olması hem ekonomik hem duyusal bakımdan büyük önem taşımaktadır. Taze sebzeler yüksekmiktarda içerdikleri antioksidan bileşikler ve polifenolikler sayesinde kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve bulaşıcıolmayan hastalıklar başta olmak üzere birçok hastalığın önlenmesinde etkin rol oynamaktadır. Ozmotik,konvektif, akışkan yataklı, mikrodalga, vakum ve dondurarak kurutma işlemleri kurutma metodolojilerinebirkaç örnektir. Gerçek kurutma aşamasından önce sebzelerin seçildiği, yıkandığı, ara sıra soyulduğu,çekirdeklerinin ayıklandığı ve küçültüldüğü bir ön işlem aşaması vardır. Sanayileşmiş kurutma işlemleri gıdakalitesinin korunmasını en üst düzeye çıkarmak için tasarlanmasına rağmen, ön işlem ve kurutmanın her ikiside bazı besinlere, özellikle flavonoidler, karotenoidler ve vitaminler gibi ısıya dayanıklı bileşenlere zararverme potansiyeline sahiptir. Kurutma esnasında taze sebzelerin bünyesindeki su miktarı %80-95’ten %10-20’lere kadar düşerken tat, renk ve besin değeri de bir miktar değişmektedir.Bu çalışmanın amacı Gaziantep bölgesinde oldukça sık tüketilen kurutmalık sebzelerin (bamya, kabak,patlıcan, acı ve tatlı biber) total antioksidan/oksidan seviyenin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada kullanılankurutmalık sebzeler, piyasada satılan tüketime hazır ürünlerden rastgele seçildi. Kurutmalık sebzelerinmetanolde hazırlanan ekstraktlarında total antioksidan/oksidan seviyeleri ticari kitlerle spektrofotometredeanaliz edildi. Bulgulara bakıldığında, kurutmalık bamyanın total antioksidan seviyesi en yüksek bulunurken(6.568±0.385) kurutmalık tatlı biberin total antioksidan seviyesi en düşük bulundu. Total oksidan seviyelerinebakıldığında ise en yüksek miktara sahip sebze kurutmalık patlıcanken (14.645±0.420) en düşük total oksidanseviyenin kurutmalık bamyada olduğu tespit edildi. (13.972±0.391). Son olarak, kurutmalık kabağın oksidatifstres indeksi (0.248±0.022) en yüksek bulunurken, kurutmalık bamyanın oksidatif stres indeksi (0.212±0.008)en düşük bulundu.Sonuç olarak, halk tarafından oldukça sık ve sevilerek tüketilen kurutmalık sebzelerin totalantioksidan/oksidan seviyeleri birbirinden farklı çıksa da kurutulan her sebzenin antioksidan ve oksidanseviyesini koruduğu kanaatini taşımaktayız.The changing world order has brought good life expectations in parallel with the increasing human populationglobally. These increasing expectations necessitate the correct use of limited resources and energies. In thissense, it is of great importance both economically and emotionally that the vegetables that are consumed freshin the season are used by drying and thus can be consumed in all seasons. Fresh vegetables play an active rolein the prevention of many diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and non-communicable diseases, thanksto the antioxidant compounds and polyphenolics they contain in high amounts. Osmotic, convective, fluidizedbed, microwave, vacuum and freeze drying processes are a few examples of drying methodologies. Before theactual drying stage, there is a pre-processing stage in which the vegetables are selected, washed, occasionallypeeled, seeded, and shrunk. Although industrialized drying processes are designed to maximize the&nbsp;preservation of food quality, both pretreatment and drying have the potential to damage some nutrients,particularly heat-stable ingredients such as flavonoids, carotenoids and vitamins. During drying, the amountof water in the fresh vegetables decreases from 80-95% to 10-20%, while the taste, color and nutritional valuechange slightly.The aim of this study is to investigate the total antioxidant/oxidant levels of dried vegetables (okra, zucchini,eggplant, hot and sweet pepper) that are consumed quite frequently in Gaziantep region. Dry vegetables usedin the study were randomly selected from ready-to-eat products sold in the market. Total antioxidant/oxidantlevels in the extracts of dried vegetables prepared in methanol were analyzed by spectrophotometer withcommercial kits. According to the findings, the total antioxidant level of dried okra was found to be the highest(6.568±0.385), while the total antioxidant level of dried sweet pepper was found to be the lowest. When thetotal oxidant levels were examined, it was determined that the vegetable with the highest amount was driedeggplant (14.645±0.420), while the lowest total oxidant level was found in dried okra. (13,972±0.391). Finally,the oxidative stress index of dried zucchini was found the highest (0.248±0.022), while the oxidative stressindex of dried okra (0.212±0.008) was found to be the lowest. </p

We can cross the breast cancer surgery gateway with Meleis’ transitions theory

The aim of this paper is to study individuals who underwent mastectomy and the process they went through, which might induce major transformations in medical, psychological, social, spiritual and physical dimensions, within the framework of Afaf Ibrahim Meleis’ transitions theory. Meleis’ theory is relevant and important in studying mastectomy for a handful of reasons, such as the fact that individuals undergoing transitions such as mastectomy are more sensitive to risk factors concerning their medical condition as well as their overall wellbeing. Meleis’ theory suggests that one fundamental function of nursing is to support people in managing the transition process. Transition requires one to obtain new information, transform their behavior and redefine oneself in a new social context. Individuals who undergo mastectomy experience a multidimensional transition process involving changes in many medical and social variables, ranging from their bodily unity to gender identity. Examining the woman’s breast surgery process through the lens of “Transition Theory” would make a significant contribution to both the medical-care oriented wholistic approach and individual-centered nursing care approach. Thus, approaching the mastectomy process by transition theory will be helpful in uncovering the social dimensions mostly ignored by the medical-care oriented nursing approaches.No sponso

The Role of Mast cells in the Pathogenesis of Primary and Recurrent Pterygium

Pur po se: In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of mast cells in pterygium pathogenesis and to compare the number of mast cells in primary and recurrent pterygium. Ma te ri al and Met hod: In this study, we evaluated 49 eyes of 49 outpatients with pterygium and the 2 eyes of 1 outpatient with pterygium. Twenty-eight of pterygium tissues were primary type and twenty-three of them were recurrent type. Normal conjunctival tissues in the upper temporal quadrant of same eyes were included in the control group. The numbers of mast cells in the tissues of primary pterygium group, recurrent pterygium group and control group were compared. Re sults: The mean mast cell number in the pterygium tissues (8.9±6.5) was statistically significantly higher than the mean mast cell number in the control tissues (6.0±4.7) (p=0.000). Even though the mean mast cell number in the recurrent pterygium tissues (9.3±7.4) was higher than that in the primary pterygium tissues (8.5±5.3), the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.68). Dis cus si on: These results suggest that mast cells play an important role in pterygium pathogenesis; however, more studies are necessary to demonstrate the difference between primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2012; 42: 183-5

The effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on hepatic histopathology and oxidative stress in rats treated with malathion

Malathion is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide used in the agricultural industry. Our study aimed to investigate the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against malathion by examining histopathological and biochemical parameters. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in this study. Groups formed; group I (control), only 5 ml kg-1 oral corn oil; group II (malathion), 40 mg kg-1 malathion by gavage; group III (malathion+CAPE), intraperitoneal (i.p.) CAPE (10 μmol kg-1) followed by intragastric malathion (40 mg kg-1) after 1 hour; group IV (CAPE), intraperitoneal CAPE (10 μmol kg-1). At the end of the administrations, rats were anesthetised with ketamine/xylazine intraperitoneally and euthanasia was performed with cervical dislocation. Their intracardiac blood was drawn under anaesthesia, and after the euthanasia, their liver tissues were removed for histopathological analysis. In group II that was treated with malathion, cell infiltrations around the central and portal vein, degeneration and focal necrosis areas in the liver were detected. Although the histopathological findings observed in the malathion group were also encountered in group III (malathion+CAPE), lesions were less severe. In the malathion group II, total oxidant status (TOS) and total sialic acid (TSA) levels in plasma increased compared with the control group, while total antioxidant status (TAS) decreased compared with the control group. In the Malathion+CAPE group III, it was observed that biochemical parameters were closer to the control group. In malathion-treated rats, it was determined that CAPE reduced the degeneration in the liver and it could have a protective effect by partially correcting oxidative stress parameters. It was concluded based on our findings that malathion, which is an organophosphate compound, makes toxic effects in the liver, but that CAPE has a protective potential because it partially reduces the severity and frequency of histopathological lesions and it brings biochemical values closer to normal

IVIg-induced headache: prospective study of a large cohort with neurological disorders

Background: Intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) is frequently used in some neurological diseases and is also the first-line therapy in Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and multifocal motor neuropathy. We aimed to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of headaches, which is one of the most common side effects of IVIg treatment. Methods: Patients who received IVIg treatment for neurological diseases were prospectively enrolled in 23 centers. Firstly, the characteristics of patients with and without IVIg-induced headaches were analyzed statistically. Then, patients with IVIg-induced headaches were classified into three subgroups determined by their history: no primary headache, tension-type headache (TTH), and migraine. Results: A total of 464 patients (214 women) and 1548 IVIg infusions were enrolled between January and August 2022. The frequency of IVIg-related headaches was 27.37% (127/464). A binary logistic regression analysis performed with significant clinical features disclosed that female sex and fatigue as a side effect were statistically more common in the IVIg-induced headache group. IVIg-related headache duration was long and affected daily living activities more in patients with migraine compared to no primary headache and TTH groups (p = 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Headache is more likely to occur in female patients receiving IVIg and those who develop fatigue as a side effect during the infusion. Clinicians’ awareness of IVIg-related headache characteristics, especially in patients with migraine, may increase treatment compliance