Systematic Survey of the Role of IGF in the Link Between Diabetes and Cancer

Epidemiological studies have proposed a link between type II diabetes and cancer via the IGF/insulin signaling pathway, which includes insulin-like peptides (IGF1, IGF2, and insulin), insulin receptors (IR-A, IR-B, IGF1R, and hybrids), and insulin substrate proteins (IRS1-6). In this study, up- and down-regulation of various components in the IGF/insulin signaling pathway are compared to clinical outcomes for cancer patients; the components include diagnosis age, overall survival, tumor invasion and vascularization, and body mass index. It was found that the up-regulation of insulin growth Factor (IGF)/insulin components was associated with overall survival and tumor invasion and vascularization, while the down-regulation of equivalent components was not associated with clinical outcomes assessed in this study. Particularly, the up-regulation of DOK5, IGF2, and IRS2 in colorectal cancer and IGF1R in liver cancer is associated with significantly decreased overall survival. Functional aberrations in either of the two proteins in co-expression pairs were identified for each cancer and correlated with overall survival and diagnosis age. Specific biomarkers proposed in this study will be further analyzed to fine-tune consistent associations that can be translated to reliable prognostic standards for the roles of IGF/insulin signaling pathway modulations that promote cancer

Multi Objective Optimization of Process Parameters by Firefly Algorithm during the Friction Stir Welding of Metal Matrix Composites

The use of composite materials in practical applications can be further enhanced by joining them effectively. In the current research, composites of Al 5083 reinforced with 10% B4C were prepared using the stir casting technique and were joined by friction stir welding. The process parameters, i.e. tool revolving speed, welding feed, and vertical plunge force were considered and taken in three levels to analyse their influence on mechanical properties, such as ultimate tensile strength and micro hardness. To make a joint, two tools with a square tool pin profile were machined, one coated with titanium nitride (TiN) and the other with diamond like carbon (DLC).Experiments were planned as per Box - Behenken’s design which suggested 15 experiments to analyse the output response. A mathematical model was developed for each output response for both the tools and the reliability of the model was confirmed by conducting the ANOVA test. The effect of varying each parameter on output parameters was studied and compared for both tools. Multi objective optimization was done by the firefly algorithm using the MATLAB 2018a software. For the TiN coated tool, maximum tensile strength of 133.92 MPa and Vickers micro hardness value of 102.54 were obtained with the following process parameters: 1540 rpm, 20 mm/min, 6 KN. As far as the DLC tool is concerned, the maximum values obtained are 129.67 MPa and 102.47 with the following parameters: 1360 rpm, 55 mm/min, and 8 KN

Friction Stir Welding of Metal Matrix Composite Using Coated Tool

AbstractFriction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state joining technique that has expanded rapidly since its development and has found applications in a wide variety of industries. In the present investigation work, friction stir weldabilty of 5% SiC particulate aluminum matrix cast composite using TiAlN coated tool and effect of process parameters such as tool rotation speed, traverse speed, and axial force on ultimate tensile strength were investigated. The result showed that there was no noticeable tool wear, only aluminum particles were deposited on the tool pin. The effect of process parameters were evaluated using Anova and S/N ratio of robust design. It was observed that the axial force exhibits more influence on tensile strength followed by traverse speed and tool rotation speed

Transport processes in dense gases

A simple and direct procedure for evaluating the properties of dense gases has been attempted based on the BBGKY hierarchy of equations. The basic idea of Enskog, namely that increasing the density affects the behaviour of the assembly, mainly by reducing the specific volume and by providing a certain amount of shielding to molecular interactions, has been developed at length in this investigation. The decrease in specific volume allows one to approximate the three-particle distribution function in terms of one-particle and two-particle distribution functions. These distribution functions are expanded in terms of generalized Hermite polynomials to study small departures from equilibrium. In the simple Couette flow and one-dimensional heat flux problems, explicit expressions for viscosity and heat conductivity have been obtained. This enables one to study the variation of these with density and temperature. Numerical results are compared with experimental values for simple gases like argon, neon and helium. The values for the inverse-power-law forces behave monotonically and approach the Enskog curve. The Lennard-Jones potential shows, as density increases, an increase of viscosity and heat conductivity that is less rapid than for other power laws. The experimental values agrees well for the force laws studied here

Using Phosphatidylinositol Phosphorylation as Markers for Hyperglycemic Related Breast Cancer

Studies have suggested that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with a higher incidence of breast cancer and related mortality rates. T2D postmenopausal women have an ~20% increased chance of developing breast cancer, and women with T2D and breast cancer have a 50% increase in mortality compared to breast cancer patients without diabetes. This correlation has been attributed to the general activation of insulin receptor signaling, glucose metabolism, phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinases, and growth pathways. Furthermore, the presence of breast cancer specific PI kinase and/or phosphatase mutations enhance metastatic breast cancer phenotypes. We hypothesized that each of the breast cancer subtypes may have characteristic PI phosphorylation profiles that are changed in T2D conditions. Therefore, we sought to characterize the PI phosphorylation when equilibrated in normal glycemic versus hyperglycemic serum conditions. Our results suggest that hyperglycemia leads to: 1) A reduction in PI3P and PIP3, with increased PI4P that is later converted to PI(3,4)P2 at the cell surface in hormone receptor positive breast cancer; 2) a reduction in PI3P and PI4P with increased PIP3 surface expression in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer; and 3) an increase in di- and tri-phosphorylated PIs due to turnover of PI3P in triple negative breast cancer. This study begins to describe some of the crucial changes in PIs that play a role in T2D related breast cancer incidence and metastasis

Oscillations of a three-component assembly in the presence of a magnetic field using the generalized BGK collision model

The BGK collision model for one-component assembly of neutral particles has been extended to two-component assembly of charged particles by Gross and Krook (1956) and later on modified by Bhatnagar (1962). Following the lines of the latter, the model has been generalized to N-component assembly of both charged and neutral particles. This model is further applied to the study of small amplitude plasma oscillations in an assembly consisting of ions, electrons and neutral particles in the direction perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. The dispersion relation splits up into two, one determining the transverse oscillations and the other longitudinal oscillations. In the transverse oscillations for small wave numbers k, it has been shown that apart from the Gross-gaps occurring at the multiples of gyro-frequencies of electrons and ions, if the magnetic energy density M is greater than one-third the kinetic energy density K of charged particles, and terms only up to k2 are retained, five more forbidden ranges of frequencies occur. If M < ± ½ K, the number of additional gaps reduces to three. When M = 0, Oster's (1960) result is obtained as a particular case. The oscillations of neutral particles excited by collisions are strong at low frequencies, whereas for high frequencies they are mostly damped out. Exact analytical and graphical discussion of the transverse dispersion relations is given. Longitudinal propagation has been studied under very restricted circumstance numerically and it is shown that, unless the magnetic field is very high, propagation is possible for all frequencies. For a sufficiently high magnetic field, when the Alfven velocity is comparable with the velocity of light, there is one forbidden range but, for the discussion of such high velocities, one should work with the relativistic equations

The Effect of Ion Implanting on Hydrogen Entry into Metals

The effectiveness of platinum ion implanting in mitigating hydrogen entry into 4340 steel is measured and quantified. Data are presented to compare the extent of hydrogen absorption by the substrate during electrolytic hydrogen charging of platinum ion-implanted and unimplanted 4340 steel substrates. Several implanting conditions were used in processing the samples, and the surface-limited mass-transfer coefficient was calculated for each case and used to quantify the effectiveness of each treatment in reducing hydrogen absorption. It is shown that the underlying mechanism for reducing hydrogen absorption by platinum ion-implanted substrates is the catalytic effect of platinum that favors hydrogen evolution at the steel\u27s surface over hydrogen absorption by the metal. Although scattering experiments with low energy helium ions suggest that the platinum content in the first monolayer of platinum-implanted steels is small, the ability of Pt to catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction is still strong enough to significantly reduce the quantity of hydrogen that enters the metal

Exact norm-conserving stochastic time-dependent Hartree-Fock

We derive an exact single-body decomposition of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation for N pairwise-interacting fermions. Each fermion obeys a stochastic time-dependent norm-preserving wave equation. As a first test of the method we calculate the low energy spectrum of Helium. An extension of the method to bosons is outlined.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, LaTeX fil