Systèmes de détection multiparamétrique de marqueurs biologiques ou de polluants, appliqués au diagnostic et au contrôle environnemental

The work reported in this thesis focuses on the development of new multiplex analytical devices on biochip or electrode microarray format, dedicated to diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The objective of the first research axis is diagnosis, thanks to the detection in patients’ serum of a panel of antibodies, biomarkers of a pathological state. For that purpose, two immunotests have been developed, enabling the multiparametric detection of specific antibodies by automated and high-throughput analysis of serum samples. This approach is based on the antibodies capture by antigens probes immobilized in a matrix of spots on a membrane surface composing the wells bottom of a micro-titer plate. Enzyme-labeled antibodies have been used, providing a colorimetric detection. This device enabled the achievement of the analysis of 96 samples in less than three hours and has been applied to different applications. The first one consists of allergy diagnosis, and the second focuses on cancer diagnosis. The second part of this work is applied to environmental monitoring, through water analysis. Different types of pollutants have been defined as targets: pesticides, toxins and explosives. In order to integrate them in a matrix of probes, different conjugates have been synthesized with these haptens. After screening and optimization of the conjugates through their reactivity and cross-reactivity with the specific antibodies, the developed device demonstrated his analytical performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Finally, for the European Project BONAS, a last sensor based on water analysis has also been developed. This electrochemical microarray aims to detect explosives precursors, used in improvised explosive devices, for the localization of hidden bomb factory. The chip was designed as a screen-printed electrode network, which was modified by different metals electrodepositionLes travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent le développement de nouveaux outils d'analyse multiparamétrique de type biopuce ou puce électrochimique, appliqués au diagnostic et au contrôle environnemental. Le premier axe de recherche a pour objectif le diagnostic, par la détection de panels d'anticorps marqueurs d'un état pathologique dans le sérum de patients. Dans cette optique, deux systèmes d'immunotests ont été développés, permettant la détection multiparamétrique d'anticorps spécifiques grâce à l'analyse automatisée et haut-débit d'échantillons de sérum. Cette approche s'est basée sur la capture des anticorps cibles par des sondes antigéniques immobilisées selon une matrice de plots sur des membranes constituant les fonds de puits de micro-plaques. La détection des interactions est effectuée par colorimétrie à l'aide d'un marqueur enzymatique. Ces outils ont permis l'analyse de 96 échantillons en moins de trois heures, et ont été mis au point pour deux applications. La première consiste en le diagnostic d'allergies, et la seconde s'intéresse au diagnostic du cancer. La seconde partie des travaux est appliquée au contrôle environnemental par surveillance de l'eau. Des pesticides, toxines et explosifs ont été définis comme composés cibles du test multiparamétrique. Afin de les intégrer dans une matrice de plots, des conjugués sondes ont été synthétisés à partir de ces haptènes. Après criblage et optimisation des conjugués en fonction de leur réactivité et réactivité-croisée avec les anticorps spécifiques, l'outil développé a démontré ses performances analytiques en termes de sensibilité et de sélectivité pour la détection des cibles. Un autre capteur pour la surveillance de l'eau a été développé dans le cadre du projet Européen BONAS. Ce test électrochimique vise à détecter des précurseurs d'explosifs utilisés dans la préparation de systèmes explosifs improvisés, pour la localisation de fabriques de bombes artisanales. La puce mise au point consiste en un réseau d'électrodes sérigraphiées, modifiées par électrodépôt de différents métau

Systèmes de détection multiparamétrique de marqueurs biologiques ou de polluants, appliqués au diagnostic et au contrôle environnemental

The work reported in this thesis focuses on the development of new multiplex analytical devices on biochip or electrode microarray format, dedicated to diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The objective of the first research axis is diagnosis, thanks to the detection in patients’ serum of a panel of antibodies, biomarkers of a pathological state. For that purpose, two immunotests have been developed, enabling the multiparametric detection of specific antibodies by automated and high-throughput analysis of serum samples. This approach is based on the antibodies capture by antigens probes immobilized in a matrix of spots on a membrane surface composing the wells bottom of a micro-titer plate. Enzyme-labeled antibodies have been used, providing a colorimetric detection. This device enabled the achievement of the analysis of 96 samples in less than three hours and has been applied to different applications. The first one consists of allergy diagnosis, and the second focuses on cancer diagnosis. The second part of this work is applied to environmental monitoring, through water analysis. Different types of pollutants have been defined as targets: pesticides, toxins and explosives. In order to integrate them in a matrix of probes, different conjugates have been synthesized with these haptens. After screening and optimization of the conjugates through their reactivity and cross-reactivity with the specific antibodies, the developed device demonstrated his analytical performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Finally, for the European Project BONAS, a last sensor based on water analysis has also been developed. This electrochemical microarray aims to detect explosives precursors, used in improvised explosive devices, for the localization of hidden bomb factory. The chip was designed as a screen-printed electrode network, which was modified by different metals electrodepositionLes travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent le développement de nouveaux outils d'analyse multiparamétrique de type biopuce ou puce électrochimique, appliqués au diagnostic et au contrôle environnemental. Le premier axe de recherche a pour objectif le diagnostic, par la détection de panels d'anticorps marqueurs d'un état pathologique dans le sérum de patients. Dans cette optique, deux systèmes d'immunotests ont été développés, permettant la détection multiparamétrique d'anticorps spécifiques grâce à l'analyse automatisée et haut-débit d'échantillons de sérum. Cette approche s'est basée sur la capture des anticorps cibles par des sondes antigéniques immobilisées selon une matrice de plots sur des membranes constituant les fonds de puits de micro-plaques. La détection des interactions est effectuée par colorimétrie à l'aide d'un marqueur enzymatique. Ces outils ont permis l'analyse de 96 échantillons en moins de trois heures, et ont été mis au point pour deux applications. La première consiste en le diagnostic d'allergies, et la seconde s'intéresse au diagnostic du cancer. La seconde partie des travaux est appliquée au contrôle environnemental par surveillance de l'eau. Des pesticides, toxines et explosifs ont été définis comme composés cibles du test multiparamétrique. Afin de les intégrer dans une matrice de plots, des conjugués sondes ont été synthétisés à partir de ces haptènes. Après criblage et optimisation des conjugués en fonction de leur réactivité et réactivité-croisée avec les anticorps spécifiques, l'outil développé a démontré ses performances analytiques en termes de sensibilité et de sélectivité pour la détection des cibles. Un autre capteur pour la surveillance de l'eau a été développé dans le cadre du projet Européen BONAS. Ce test électrochimique vise à détecter des précurseurs d'explosifs utilisés dans la préparation de systèmes explosifs improvisés, pour la localisation de fabriques de bombes artisanales. La puce mise au point consiste en un réseau d'électrodes sérigraphiées, modifiées par électrodépôt de différents métau

Multiplex detection of biological markers and chemicals dedicated to diagnosis and environmental monitoring

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent le développement de nouveaux outils d'analyse multiparamétrique de type biopuce ou puce électrochimique, appliqués au diagnostic et au contrôle environnemental. Le premier axe de recherche a pour objectif le diagnostic, par la détection de panels d'anticorps marqueurs d'un état pathologique dans le sérum de patients. Dans cette optique, deux systèmes d'immunotests ont été développés, permettant la détection multiparamétrique d'anticorps spécifiques grâce à l'analyse automatisée et haut-débit d'échantillons de sérum. Cette approche s'est basée sur la capture des anticorps cibles par des sondes antigéniques immobilisées selon une matrice de plots sur des membranes constituant les fonds de puits de micro-plaques. La détection des interactions est effectuée par colorimétrie à l'aide d'un marqueur enzymatique. Ces outils ont permis l'analyse de 96 échantillons en moins de trois heures, et ont été mis au point pour deux applications. La première consiste en le diagnostic d'allergies, et la seconde s'intéresse au diagnostic du cancer. La seconde partie des travaux est appliquée au contrôle environnemental par surveillance de l'eau. Des pesticides, toxines et explosifs ont été définis comme composés cibles du test multiparamétrique. Afin de les intégrer dans une matrice de plots, des conjugués sondes ont été synthétisés à partir de ces haptènes. Après criblage et optimisation des conjugués en fonction de leur réactivité et réactivité-croisée avec les anticorps spécifiques, l'outil développé a démontré ses performances analytiques en termes de sensibilité et de sélectivité pour la détection des cibles. Un autre capteur pour la surveillance de l'eau a été développé dans le cadre du projet Européen BONAS. Ce test électrochimique vise à détecter des précurseurs d'explosifs utilisés dans la préparation de systèmes explosifs improvisés, pour la localisation de fabriques de bombes artisanales. La puce mise au point consiste en un réseau d'électrodes sérigraphiées, modifiées par électrodépôt de différents métauxThe work reported in this thesis focuses on the development of new multiplex analytical devices on biochip or electrode microarray format, dedicated to diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The objective of the first research axis is diagnosis, thanks to the detection in patients’ serum of a panel of antibodies, biomarkers of a pathological state. For that purpose, two immunotests have been developed, enabling the multiparametric detection of specific antibodies by automated and high-throughput analysis of serum samples. This approach is based on the antibodies capture by antigens probes immobilized in a matrix of spots on a membrane surface composing the wells bottom of a micro-titer plate. Enzyme-labeled antibodies have been used, providing a colorimetric detection. This device enabled the achievement of the analysis of 96 samples in less than three hours and has been applied to different applications. The first one consists of allergy diagnosis, and the second focuses on cancer diagnosis. The second part of this work is applied to environmental monitoring, through water analysis. Different types of pollutants have been defined as targets: pesticides, toxins and explosives. In order to integrate them in a matrix of probes, different conjugates have been synthesized with these haptens. After screening and optimization of the conjugates through their reactivity and cross-reactivity with the specific antibodies, the developed device demonstrated his analytical performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Finally, for the European Project BONAS, a last sensor based on water analysis has also been developed. This electrochemical microarray aims to detect explosives precursors, used in improvised explosive devices, for the localization of hidden bomb factory. The chip was designed as a screen-printed electrode network, which was modified by different metals electrodepositio

Multiplex microarray ELISA versus classical ELISA, a comparison study of pollutant sensing for environmental analysis.

International audienceThe present study describes the development, optimization and performance comparison of three ELISAs and one multiplex immunoassay in a microarray format. The developed systems were dedicated to the detection of three different classes of pollutants (pesticide, explosive and toxin) in water. The characteristics and performances of these two types of assays were evaluated and compared, in order to verify that multiplex immunoassays can replace ELISA for multiple analyte sensing. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and okadaic acid were chosen as model targets and were immobilized in classical microtiter plate wells or arrayed at the surface of a microarray integrated within a classical 96-well plate. Once optimized, the classical ELISAs and microarray-based ELISA performances were evaluated and compared in terms of limit of detection, IC50, linearity range and reproducibility. Classical ELISAs provided quite good sensitivity (limit of detection down to 10 μg L(-1)), but the multiplex immunoassay was proven to be more sensitive (limit of detection down to 0.01 μg L(-1)), more reproducible and an advantageous tool in terms of cost and time expenses. This multiplex tool was then used for the successful detection of the three target molecules in spiked water samples and achieved very promising recovery rates

High-Throughput Multiplexed Competitive Immunoassay for Pollutants Sensing in Water

International audienceThe present study described the development and evaluation of a new fully automated multiplex competitive enabling the of five water pollutants (okadaic acid (OA), 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (atrazine), 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 1,3,5trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)). The technology is taking advantage of an optical-clear pressure-sensitive adhesive on which biomolecules can be immobilized and that can be integrated within a classical 96-well format. The optimization of the microarray composition and cross-reaction was performed using an original approach where probe molecules (haptens) were conjugated to different carriers such as protein (bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin), amino-functionalized latex beads, or dextran polymer and arrayed at the surface of the adhesive. A total of 17 different probes were then arrayed together with controls on the adhesive surface and screened toward their specific reactivity and cross-reactivity. Once optimized, the complete setup was used for the detection of the five target molecules (less than 3 h for 96 samples). Limits of detection of 0.02, 0.01, 0.01, 100, and 0.02 pg were found for OA, atrazine, 2,4-D, TNT, and RDX, respectively. The proof of concept of the multiplex competitive detection (semiquantitative or qualitative) of the five pollutants was also demonstrated on 16 spiked samples

Electrochemical sensor for explosives precursors's detection in water

International audienceAlthough all countries are intensifying their efforts against terrorism and increasing their mutual cooperation, terrorist bombing is still one of the greatest threats to society. The discovery of hidden bomb factories is of primary importance in the prevention of terrorism activities. Criminals preparing improvised explosives (IE) use chemical substances called precursors. These compounds are released in the air and in the waste water during IE production. Tracking sources of precursors by analyzing air or wastewater can then be an important clue for bomb factories’ localization. We are reporting here a new multiplex electrochemical sensor dedicated to the on-site simultaneous detection of three explosive precursors, potentially used for improvised explosive device preparation (hereafter referenced as B01, B08, and B15, for security disclosure reasons and to avoid being detrimental to the security of the counter-explosive EU action). The electrochemical sensors were designed to be disposable and to combine ease of use and portability in a screen-printed eight-electrochemical cell array format. The working electrodes were modified with different electrodeposited metals: gold, palladium, and platinum. These different coatings giving selectivity to the multi-sensor through a “fingerprint”-like signal subsequently analyzed using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Results are given regarding the detection of the three compounds in a real environment and in the presence of potentially interfering species

Effect of the Surface Hydrophobicity–Morphology–Functionality of Nanoplastics on Their Homoaggregation in Seawater

International audienceThe way nanoplastics aggregate in the environment is one of the key properties that control their final fate and impact on the environment. In the present work, to better predict their transportation pathways, nanoplastic homoaggregation was studied in saltwater to predict the behavior in seawater. We designed nanoplastic models that are free of additives with a chemical control of the surface to model surface weathering. The samples present a wide distribution of relevant surface properties such as functionality (ionizable carboxylic group, 0.10 to 1.7 mmol g–1), hydrophobicity (surface energy, 2.20 to 37.5 mJ m–2), surface morphology (smooth or “raspberry-textured),” zeta potential (−31 to −21 mV), and anisotropy in shape. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) measurements demonstrate that spherical nanoparticles are more stable in seawater (CCC > 600 mmol L–1) than anisotropic nanoplastics (CCC ∼ 100 mmol L–1). The results highlight the importance of considering the surface properties and shape when assessing the behavior of nanoplastics in the environment

Deposition of environmentally relevant nanoplastic models in sand during transport experiments

International audienceNanoplastics (NPTs) are defined as colloids that originated from the unintentional degradation of plastic debris. To understand the possible risks caused by NPTs, it is crucial to determine how they are transported and where they may finally accumulate. Unfortunately, although most sources of plastic are land-based, risk assessments concerning NPTs in the terrestrial environmental system (soils, aquifers, freshwater sediments, etc.) have been largely lacking compared to studies concerning NPTs in the marine system. Furthermore, an important limitation of environmental fate studies is that the NPT models used are questionable in terms of their environmental representativeness. This study describes the fate of different NPT models in a porous media under unfavorable (repulsive) conditions, according to their physical and chemical properties: average hydrodynamic diameters (200–460 nm), composition (polystyrene with additives or primary polystyrene) and shape (spherical or polymorphic). NPTs that more closely mimic environmental NPTs present an inhomogeneous shape (i.e., deviating from a sphere) and are more deposited in a sand column by an order of magnitude. This deposition was attributed in part to physical retention, as confirmed by the straining that occurred for the larger size fractions. Additionally, different Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) models -the extended DLVO (XDLVO) and a DLVO modified by surface element integration (SEI) method-suggest that the environmentally relevant NPT models may alter its orientation to diminish repulsion from the sand surface and may find enough kinetic energy to deposit in the primary energetic minimum. These results point to the importance of choosing environmentally relevant NPT models

Multipurpose high-throughput filtering microarrays (HiFi) for DNA and protein assays

International audienceWe are reporting here a low cost colorimetric device for high-throughput multiplexed blood group genotyping and allergy diagnosis, displayed as an automated 96-well microtiter plate format. A porous polymeric membrane sealed at the bottom of each well accounts for the sensor support. For each sensing unit, a 6 x 6 matrix of specific probes is spotted on the external surface of the membrane resulting in 5 mm(2) microarrays. Thanks to the membrane porosity, reagents dispensed into the well can be eliminated through vacuum soaking. This unusual design drastically reduces the assay background signal. The system was first validated on robust models composed of either two complementary oligonucleotide sequences or one allergen/specific rabbit IgG pair. The quality of both oligonucleotide and protein immobilisation on the membrane substrate was then demonstrated together with the capacity to use the arrayed biomolecules as probes for the quantitative detection of specific targets (respectively complementary oligonucleotide and specific antibody). On the basis of these good results, two multiplex assays were developed for crude biological samples testing, focussing on two human in vitro diagnosis applications: a hybridisation assay for multiplex blood group genotyping and a multiparametric immunoassay for allergy diagnosis. In both cases, the transfer to crude biological samples testing was successful i.e. high signal to noise ratio of the stained membranes, reproducibility and good correlation with results obtained using routine testing procedures. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved