Serial Data Transmission using Visible Light Communication

Li-Fi is a label for wireless-communication system using light as a carrier instead of radio frequencies as in Wi-Fi [1]. The light waves cannot penetrate walls hence Li-Fi (Light-Fidelity) can be used in sensitive areas such as in Aircraft [13, 15]. It can be implemented using white-LED light bulbs at the downlink transmitter. In these types of devices a constant current is applied for the purpose of illumination. However, by fast and subtle variations of the current, the optical output can be made to vary at extremely high speeds. Due to this characteristic of optical current it is used in Li-Fi setup. The operational procedure is very simple- if the LED is on, then transmit a 1, if it�s off then transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, and hence it gives nice opportunities for transmitting data. All that is required is some LEDs and a controller that code data into those LEDs. All one has to do is to increase the rate at which the LED�s flicker [2] depending upon the data needs to be encode. Further enhancements can be made in this method, like we can use an array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs. It can alter the light�s frequency with this approach each frequency encodes a different data Channel [5]. Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps � meaning you can download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds

Data Communication Using Li-Fi

Wireless data transmission demand is increased over the years. But due to lack of radio frequency spectrum and hazardous electromagnetic waves comes out from it Li-Fi appears as a new cheaper, greener, and healthier alternative to traditional Wi-Fi. Presently there are two trends being seen in the world of Wireless communication: First, the enrichment or extension of wireless services & second being increased in demand by users for these services. The need is fulfilled by RF spectrum but the usage is very limited. So the emerging technology-Li-Fi came into picture, which uses visible light as a source of communication. The recent advancement in the wireless communication world has made VLC as one of the high-speed, efficient, secured and cheaper optical wireless communication technology. [12] This research paper focuses on required hardware for transmission of text Li-Fi system. The PCB of Transmitter and Receiver are designed by using PCB Artist 4.0 tool. The Microcontroller ATMega16 has been used for the purpose of performing operation at transceiver section. Its programming is done by using AVR studio. Successful transmission and reception of text is carried out on the transceiver. Hence this research paper shows an innovative way of designing a transceiver with low cost electronic hardware components and using already available white LED light bulb. This Li-Fi technology envisions a future where data for smart phones, laptops and tablets will be transmitted in an economic and ecofriendly medium of light in room

Corrosion Control of Kunifer-5 Seawater Piping Systems of Naval Ships by Cathodic Protection Technique

The cause of premature corrosion of Kunifer-5(copper alloy containing Ni 5 per cent and Fe 1.35 per cent) pipes used in seawater piping systems on board ships for feeding seawater to various units has been discussed. It has been shown that the Kunifer-5 alloys suffer from heavy corrosion-erosion attack at unavoidable bends and places where local seawater velocity exceeds the specified limit. The field observations as well as laboratory study have indicated that satisfactory protection of the pipes could be achieved by galvanic cathodic protection using aluminium alloy anodes

A note on the prawn fishery in the Gulf of Kutch during 1962-63

The monsoon fishery of August-September in the creeks, and the winter fishery of October-November in the gulf form the two main prawn-fishing seasons in the Gulf of Kutch. The monsoon fishery is supported by Metapenaeus kutchensis, while the winter fishery, by M. kutchensis, M. hrevicornis and Penaeus indicus. The pattern of distribution of these species indicates that there is a higher abundfuice of M. kutchensis in the Inner gulf and P. indicus and M. brevkornis in the outer gulf

Bumper catch of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus at Satpati, Bombay

The article provies details about heavy catches of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus within a span of four days at Satpati, a fishing village in Thane District in Maharashtra during 1987

Performance and study of variousbridge girders

According to various research papersthe design and analysis of various girders for steel and concrete by using v software STAAD Pro. And finite element method. In this project  theto check the analysis of bridge by using software. Hence, in this project determine the static analysis of T, I and Box girder. In these three girders which can be determine which is effective and economical to bridges.Both models are subjected to I.R.C. Loadings to produce maximum bending moment

An Efficient Technique for mining Association rules using Enhanced Apriori Algorithm

There are Various mining algorithms of association rules. One of the most popular algorithm is Apriori that extracts frequent itemset from large database and getting the association rule for discovering the knowledge. this paper pitfalls the limitation of the original Apriori algorithm for wasting time for scanning the whole database searching on to the frequent itemsets, and presents an technique on Apriori by reducing that wasted time depending on scanning only some transactions whose support value is bigger than 25% of minimum Support is taken as frequent item set and is added to the frequent item sets and then rules are formed. An enhanced Apriori algorithm may find the tendency of a customer on the basis of frequently purchased item-sets The proposed algorithm is useful as a frequent item sets predictor with lower number of scans. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15063

An Efficient Technique for mining Association rules using Enhanced Apriori Algorithm A Literature survey

At present Data mining has a lot of e-Commerce applications. The key problem in this is how to find useful hidden patterns for better business applications in the retail sector. For the solution of those problems, The Apriori algorithm is the most popular data mining approach for finding frequent item sets from a transaction dataset and derives association rules. Association Rules are the discovered knowledge from the data base. Finding frequent item set (item sets with frequency larger than or equal to a user specified minimum support) is not trivial because of its combinatorial explosion. Once item sets are obtained, it is straightforward approach to generate association rules with confidence value larger than or equal to a user specified minimum confidence value. Apriori uses bottom up strategy. It is the most famous and classical algorithm for mining frequent patterns. Apriori algorithm works on categorical attributes. Apriori uses breadth first searc

Carrier Transport in High Mobility InAs Nanowire Junctionless Transistors

Ability to understand and model the performance limits of nanowire transistors is the key to design of next generation devices. Here, we report studies on high-mobility junction-less gate-all-around nanowire field effect transistor with carrier mobility reaching 2000 cm2/V.s at room temperature. Temperature-dependent transport measurements reveal activated transport at low temperatures due to surface donors, while at room temperature the transport shows a diffusive behavior. From the conductivity data, the extracted value of sound velocity in InAs nanowires is found to be an order less than the bulk. This low sound velocity is attributed to the extended crystal defects that ubiquitously appear in these nanowires. Analyzing the temperature-dependent mobility data, we identify the key scattering mechanisms limiting the carrier transport in these nanowires. Finally, using these scattering models, we perform drift-diffusion based transport simulations of a nanowire field-effect transistor and compare the device performances with experimental measurements. Our device modeling provides insight into performance limits of InAs nanowire transistors and can be used as a predictive methodology for nanowire-based integrated circuits.Comment: 22 pages, 5 Figures, Nano Letter