The Trial and Conviction of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: Politics as an Obstacle to the Right to a Fair Trial

Given the nature of this paper, I felt it necessary to explain my purpose in choosing the Rosenberg-Sobell trial as the subject of my senior honors thesis, and the methodology used in approaching this topic. My purpose in choosing this subject was twofold: First, I wanted to demonstrate the research and writing skills that I have developed during my four years as a student of history. This paper is intended to be a research paper. While I believe that there are some fascinating and controversial arguments discussed in this paper, I cannot claim to have originated any of these theories. Instead, I have attempted to combine the most significant points of many scholars into a paper that provides a relatively thorough understanding of the Rosenberg-Sobell trial. There is a host of outstanding books and journal articles on this topic, but most of the authors that write about the Rosenbergs conduct their research, develop their own theories, and tend to ignore the work that has already been done. The second reason for choosing this subject is personal. I enjoy studying the American legal system, and I selfishly chose this subject because I considered it fascinating. Furthermore, I believe this to be an important subject. The execution of the Rosenbergs represents a failure for not only the American legal system, but the entire system of American politics. In understanding how these events happened, one develops a better understanding of the problems associated with majoritarian politics and the need to establish bulwarks against the evisceration of minority rights. Few historical events better teach that lesson

Bacteriology of butter IV. Bacteriological studies on surface taint butter

1. The surface taint butter examined often contained large numbers of bacteria, as determined by the plate method, and with some of the samples the counts were very high; with a few samples the counts were comparatively low. The counts were higher on the surface portion of a sample than on the interior portion in all but 1 of 20 comparisons. 2. The surface taint butter examined usually contained large numbers of yeasts, with the surface portion of a sample commonly containing a larger number than the interior portion; the butter showed some mold counts that were high and a few that were surprisingly high, the counts on the surface portion generally being higher than on the interior portion. 3. The general types of bacteria found in surface taint butter by picking colonies into litmus milk from beef infusion agar plates were essentially the same as those found in any lot of butter containing considerable numbers of organisms. 4. Surface taint could not be produced in butter by inoculating a normal product, either salted or unsalted, with surface taint butter but could be developed by inoculating the defective butter into pasteurized cream and churning the cream; from 2 to 4 days were required for the surface taint to develop at 15.6°C. (60°F.) and from 7 to 10 days at 5°C. (41°F.). 5. Surface taint sometimes developed in commercial butter held at temperatures very favorable for bacterial growth; in most cases the butter that developed surface taint was unsalted or had a low salt content. 6. Excessive numbers of organisms were found when either experimental or commercial surface taint butter was examined microscopically. 7. The organisms which predominated on beef infusion agar plates poured with surface taint butter did not produce surface taint when inoculated into pasteurized cream and the cream churned. 8. An organism capable of producing surface taint when inoculated into pasteurized cream and the cream churned was first isolated from a sample of Canadian butter by plating on beef infusion agar and picking colonies into litmus milk; at the time of the appearance of surface taint in experimental butter the numbers of organisms per milliliter, as determined by the plate method, were comparatively small. The organism was believed to be an undescribed species and was tentatively designated Achromobacter putrefaciens. 9. By the use of an enrichment method consisting of inoculating butter into litmus milk, holding this at 5°C. (41°F.) and then plating on beef infusion agar and picking colonies into litmus milk, A. putrefaciens was secured from five additional samples of surface taint butter, three from Canada and two from the United States. From a considerable number of surface taint samples A. putrefaciens could not be secured. 10. Organisms, other than A. putrefaciens, which would produce surface taint were isolated from a number of samples of surface taint butter. These organisms were always found in small numbers. 11. Organisms which would produce surface taint were isolated from a total of 17 samples of commercial surface taint butter, 6 from Canada and 11 from the United States. 12. Organisms capable of producing surface taint could not be isolated from a considerable number of samples of surface taint butter, although with some of the samples the defect could be carried through a series of experimental churnings by using defective butter to inoculate the cream. 13. The organisms which would produce surface taint were greatly restrained by the use of medium salt percentages or butter culture in the making of butter. A. putrefaciens failed to grow in skimmilk acidified with lactic acid to 0.30 or 0.31 percent but did develop when the milk was acidified to 0.27, 0.28 or 0.29 percent. 14. In the trials carried out with Ps. fluorescens by inoculating pasteurized cream and churning the cream, rancidity regularly developed. 15. There appeared to be rather distinct variations in the samples of butter sent to the laboratory as examples of surface taint

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Titanium Alloy Diffusion Bonding

During the diffusion bond process, parts are heated to about one half the absolute melting point, pressed together at a stress below the macroscopic yield stress, and conditions maintained for a specified time. Bonding proceeds through three steps: local yielding of contact points upon initial application of stress; creep deformation on the bonding plane to yield discontinuous voids; and closure of voids by vacancy diffusion. Presently, nondestructive evaluation emphasizes detection of residual unbonds and voids, from incomplete void isolation or closure

Cylindrical Magnets and Ideal Solenoids

Both wire-wound solenoids and cylindrical magnets can be approximately modeled as ideal, azimuthally symmetric solenoids. We present here an exact solution for the magnetic field of an ideal solenoid in an especially easy to use form. The field is expressed in terms of a single function that can be rapidly computed by means of a compact, highly efficient algorithm, which can be coded as an add-in function to a spreadsheet, making field calculations accessible even to introductory students. In computational work these expressions are not only accurate but also just as fast as most approximate expressions. We demonstrate their utility by numerically simulating the experiment of dropping a cylindrical magnet through a nonmagnetic conducting tube and then comparing the calculation with data obtained from experiments suitable for an undergraduate laboratory.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, revTe

The speaking vocabulary of grade two

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

An approach to classifying subjective cognitive decline in community-dwelling elders

Introduction: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early symptomatic man- ifestation of Alzheimer’s disease, though published research largely neglects how to classify SCD in community-based studies. Methods: In neuropsychologically intact Einstein Aging Study participants (n = 1115; meanage=78;63%female;30%non-White),weusedCoxmodelstoexaminetheasso- ciation between self-perceived cognitive functioning at baseline (using three different approaches) and incident amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) with covariates of age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, general (objective) cognition, depressive symp- toms, and four other SCD-related features. Results: After a median of 3 years, 198 participants developed aMCI. In models that included all the variables, self-perceived cognitive functioning was consistently asso- ciated with incident aMCI as were age, general cognition, and perceived control; apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele status was significant in one model. We set cut points that optimized the diagnostic accuracy of SCD at various time frames. Discussion: We provide an approach to SCD classification and discuss implications for cognitive aging studies

Frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy localises viscoelastic remodelling in the ageing sheep aorta

We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Royal Society for the provision of an International Travel Grant for Collaboration (R112205) to RA, and Wellcome Trust Value in People Award to RA and MJS. MJS and BD gratefully acknowledge the support of the Medical Research Council (www.mrc.ac.uk: grant reference G1001398)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) promotes wound re-epithelialisation in frog and human skin

There remains a critical need for new therapeutics that promote wound healing in patients suffering from chronic skin wounds. This is, in part, due to a shortage of simple, physiologically and clinically relevant test systems for investigating candidate agents. The skin of amphibians possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity, which remains insufficiently explored for clinical purposes. Combining comparative biology with a translational medicine approach, we report the development and application of a simple ex vivo frog (Xenopus tropicalis) skin organ culture system that permits exploration of the effects of amphibian skin-derived agents on re-epithelialisation in both frog and human skin. Using this amphibian model, we identify thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) as a novel stimulant of epidermal regeneration. Moving to a complementary human ex vivo wounded skin assay, we demonstrate that the effects of TRH are conserved across the amphibian-mammalian divide: TRH stimulates wound closure and formation of neo-epidermis in organ-cultured human skin, accompanied by increased keratinocyte proliferation and wound healing-associated differentiation (cytokeratin 6 expression). Thus, TRH represents a novel, clinically relevant neuroendocrine wound repair promoter that deserves further exploration. These complementary frog and human skin ex vivo assays encourage a comparative biology approach in future wound healing research so as to facilitate the rapid identification and preclinical testing of novel, evolutionarily conserved, and clinically relevant wound healing promoters

Biofabrication: reappraising the definition of an evolving field

Biofabrication is an evolving research field that has recently received significant attention. In particular, the adoption of Biofabrication concepts within the field of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine has grown tremendously, and has been accompanied by a growing inconsistency in terminology. This article aims at clarifying the position of Biofabrication as a research field with a special focus on its relation to and application for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Within this context, we propose a refined working definition of Biofabrication, including Bioprinting and Bioassembly as complementary strategies within Biofabrication.1111377Ysciescopu