Hidrolisis Media Sisa Budidaya Jamur Kuping Menggunakan Tiga Jenis Enzim Selulase

Ear mushrooms (Auricularia polytricha) belongs to class Basidiomycetes is widely cultivated in Indonesia. After 6-8 months of cultivation, the media should be renewed. Therefore, the rest of the media is under utilized and just thrown away as a waste. This is dangerous because the residual mycelia that contained in the rest of the media may further degrade the media. This pollutes the environmental pollution due to discharge of methane into the air. Therefore, the utilization of residual ear mushroom media needs to be processed. In fact, this residue can produce a reducing-sugar using various commercial cellulase enzymes. This study used the residual media of the cultivation of mushroom derived from three types of wood, i.e. sengon (Falcataria moluccana), teak (Tectona grandis), and meranti (Shorea sp.), and then they were hydrolyzed using three types of cellulase enzymes, i.e. Driselase, Cellulase “Onozuka” R-10, and Meicelase. The hydrolysis rate was measured and the reducing-sugar yield was analyzed. The design used was completely randomized design with 3 x 3 factors and 3 replications for each treatment. The results showed that the residue of the mushroom cultivation media has the potential of reducing sugar as a raw material which can then be fermented into bio-ethanol or other chemicals. Hydrolysis rate ranged from 1.43 to 21.29%. The highest combination of residual cultivation medium was made from meranti sawdust by using Meicelase enzyme. The highest reducing sugar content yield were also resulted from the combination of the same treatment, which amounted to 127.7 mg/g or 12.8% with output range between 56.0 and 127.7 mg/g (or yield 5.6-12.8%)

Hidrolisis Media Sisa Budidaya Jamur Kuping Menggunakan Tiga Jenis Enzim Selulase

Jamur kuping (Auricularia polytricha) termasuk dalam kelas Basidiomycetes yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Setelah 6-8 bulan masa pembudidayaan media budidaya jamur kuping harus diperbaharui. Sejauh ini media sisa budidaya jamur kuping belum dimanfaatkan dengan baik, bahkan limbah tersebut hanya dibuang begitu saja sebagai limbah. Hal ini sangat berbahaya karena sisa miselia yang terdapat di dalam media sisa dapat mendegradasi lebih lanjut media dan mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan yaitu terlepasnya gas metana ke udara. Oleh karena itu pemanfaatan sisa media budidaya kuping perlu dilakukan antara lain untuk memproduksi gula pereduksi dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis enzim selulase. Penelitian ini menggunakan media sisa budidaya jamur kuping yang berasal dari 3 jenis kayu, yaitu sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jati (Tectona grandis), dan meranti (Shorea sp.), yang dihidrolisis menggunakan 3 jenis enzim selulase yaitu Driselase, Cellulase “Onozuka” R-10, dan Meicelase. Setelah hidrolisis, kemudian diukur laju hidrolisisnya dan dianalisis kadar gula pereduksinya. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan aras 3 x 3 serta ulangan sebanyak 3 untuk setiap perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media sisa budidaya jamur kuping memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku gula pereduksi yang selanjutnya dapat difermentasi menjadi bio-etanol atau bahan kimia lainnya. Laju hidrolisis berkisar antara 1,43-21,29%, dengan kombinasi tertinggi yaitu media sisa budidaya yang terbuat dari serbuk kayu meranti dengan menggunakan enzim Meicelase. Kadar dan rendemen gula pereduksi tertinggi juga dihasilkan dari kombinasi perlakuan yang sama, yaitu berturut-turut sebesar 127,7 mg/g dan 12,8% dengan kisaran hasil antara 56,01-127,7 mg/g atau rendemen 5,6-12,8%.The Hydrolysis of Ear-Mushroom Cultivation Media Residue by Using Three Kinds of Cellulase EnzymesAbstractEar mushrooms (Auricularia polytricha) belongs to class Basidiomycetes is widely cultivated in Indonesia. After 6-8 months of cultivation, the media should be renewed. Therefore, the rest of the media is under utilized and just thrown away as a waste. This is dangerous because the residual mycelia that contained in the rest of the media may further degrade the media. This pollutes the environmental pollution due to discharge of methane into the air. Therefore, the utilization of residual ear mushroom media needs to be processed. In fact, this residue can produce a reducing-sugar using various commercial cellulase enzymes. This study used the residual media of the cultivation of mushroom derived from three types of wood, i.e. sengon (Falcataria moluccana), teak (Tectona grandis), and meranti (Shorea sp.), and then they were hydrolyzed using three types of cellulase enzymes, i.e. Driselase, Cellulase “Onozuka” R-10, and Meicelase. The hydrolysis rate was measured and the reducing-sugar yield was analyzed. The design used was completely randomized design with 3 x 3 factors and 3 replications for each treatment. The results showed that the residue of the mushroom cultivation media has the potential of reducing sugar as a raw material which can then be fermented into bio-ethanol or other chemicals. Hydrolysis rate ranged from 1.43 to 21.29%. The highest combination of residual cultivation medium was made from meranti sawdust by using Meicelase enzyme. The highest reducing sugar content yield were also resulted from the combination of the same treatment, which amounted to 127.7 mg/g or 12.8% with output range between 56.0 and 127.7 mg/g (or yield 5.6-12.8%)

Association of Mushroom Cultivation and Ozonolysis as Pretreatment for Enzymatic Saccharification of Sengon(Falcataria moluccana) Sawdust

Wood industry based on sengon (Falcataria moluccana) material has developed rapidly and cause the huge wastes. Lignocellulosic materials, such as sengon sawdust, offer a great potential as cheap and abundant feedstock for biofuels production. Ozone oxidation pretreatment was carried out on sengon wastes to improve fermentable sugar production by enzymatic saccharification. Sengon wood (SW), sengon media (SM), and sengon spent media (SMM), that was waste of media after mushroom cultivation, treated with ozone for different treatment time were enzymatically saccharified. Then the decrease of hydrolysis weight, reducing sugar yield, and monosaccharide yields were determined. Ozone treatment resulted in Klason lignin degradation in the all samples, resulting in the improvement of subsequent enzymatic saccharification. Ozone treatment with the duration more than 30 min was not suitable for SMM sample. Glucose yield after saccharification from the ozone-treated sample for 60 min was the highest among all samples in SW and SM treated, but for SMM it was 30 min. Based on these results, we concluded that mushroom cultivation can reduce the ozone time treatment and it is an effective treatment to improve sugar yield by enzymatic saccharification of sengon wastes. Gabungan Pra-perlakuan Ozonolisis dan Budidaya Jamur Sebelum Sakarifikasi Enzimatis Serbuk Kayu Sengon (Falcataria moluccana)IntisariIndustri kayu berbahan baku kayu sengon (Falcataria moluccana) saat ini tengah berkembang dengan sangat pesat dan hal ini menyebabkan timbulnya banyak limbah kayu sengon. Materi lignosellulosa, seperti limbah serbuk kayu sengon, merupakan potensi yang sangat baik sebagai bahan baku bio-fuel karena murah dan banyak tersedia. Praperlakuan dengan oksidasi ozon pada limbah kayu sengon dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi gula reduksi melalui proses sakarifikasi enzimatis. Serbuk sengon (SW), media sengon (SM), dan limbah media sengon (SMM), yang merupakan sisa dari media budidaya jamur, diberi perlakuan dengan ozon pada berbagai lama waktu perlakuan. Sampel yang sudah diberi perlakuan ozon tersebut kemudian dianalisis kandungan kimianya dan di-sakarifikasi secara enzimatis. Selanjutnya diukur laju hidrolisis, kadar gula pereduksi, dan kadar monosakarida. Perlakuan dengan ozon menyebabkan degradasi kadar Klason lignin di semua sampel, sehingga mengakibatkan peningkatan kemampuan sakarifikasi dari enzim. Perlakuan ozon dengan lama waktu lebih dari 30 menit tidak sesuai untuk sampel SMM. Kadar glukosa hasil sakarifikasi yang tinggi diperoleh dari sampel SW dan SM yang diberi perlakuan ozon selama 60 menit, serta SMM yang diberi perlakuan 30 menit. Berdasarkan hasil ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan jamur dapat mengurangi lama waktu perlakuan ozon dan praperlakuan efektif untuk meningkatkan kadar gula reduksi yang dihasilkan dari sakarifikasi enzimatis limbah kayu sengon

Pre-Timed and Coordinated Traffic Controller Systems Based on AVR Microcontroller

The major weaknesses of traffic controllers in Indonesia are unable to accommodate the variety of traffic volume and unable to be coordinated. To solve the problem, a pre-timed and coordinated traffic controller system is build. The system consists of a master and a local controller. Each controller has a database containing signal-timing plans that would be allocated to manage vehicle flows. To synchronize the signal-timing, the master controller sends the synchronization data to the local controller wirelessly and the local controller shifts the end of a cycle by adding or subtracting the green interval of any phases. The transition time for synchronization only takes one to several cycles. The algorithm for controlling the traffic including coordination can be done by an AVR microcontroller. Memory usage of the microcontroller is lower than 10% meanwhile the CPU utilization is no more than 1%, thus the systems could be widely developed

Application of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium on Biochemimechanical Pulping Process of Terentang Wood (Campnosperma Auriculata Hook.f)

Terentang wood (Campnosperma auriculata Hook.f) is relatively low in specific gravity (0.3), hence its utilization as pulp by chemi-mechanical is an alternative process. Energy consumption was reduced by applying lignin degrading fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) as pretreatment in the chemi-mechanical process. This paper examines the effects of P. chrysosporium incubation periods into chemical components and energy refining consumption of terentang wood. Four percent of NaOH was used in the chemi-mechanical process, and incubation periods studied were 0 (control), 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Results showed that P. chrysosporium significantly affected the weight loss, chemical properties, and refining energy consumption of terentang wood pulping process. Wood chip weight loss was about 15.95-21.31% and alpha-cellulose raised up to 6.77%. Five weeks incubation time decreased lignin content up to 22.97% and saved the refining energy up to 22.7%

Kadar Ekstraktif dan Sifat Warna Kayu Jati Plus Perhutani Umur 11 Tahun dari KPH Ngawi

Pemanfaatan kayu jati dari pohon umur muda meningkat disebabkan adanya kesenjangan permintaan dengan ketersediaan kayu. Perhutani menanam pohon Jati Plus Perhutani (JPP) dengan karakteristik cepat tumbuh untuk meningkatkan produksi kayu jati. Pembiakan secara vegetatif ini diduga bisa berpengaruh terhadap sifat-sifat kayu. Kadar ekstraktif menjadi penting mengingat hubungannya dengan keawetan alami kayu dan sifat warna kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi kadar ekstraktif dan warna pada arah radial dan longitudinal kayu JPP. Sampel kayu diambil dari tiga pohon JPP berumur 11 tahun di KPH Ngawi. Faktor yang diamati terdiri dari arah longitudinal (pangkal, tengah, ujung); dan radial (gubal, teras terluar, teras terdalam). Kayu diekstrak secara berurutan dengan pelarut toluena, etanol, air panas pada alat soklet. Kadar fenolat total diuji dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu untuk ekstrak toluena. Pengukuran sifat warna menggunakan sistem CIEL*a*b*. Hasil menunjukkan bagian pangkal memiliki kadar ekstrak terlarut etanol tertinggi, tetapi memiliki kadar fenolat total relatif rendah. Nilai kecerahan (L*) lebih tinggi di bagian ujung dibandingkan dengan bagian tengah dan pangkal sedangkan nilai kemerahan (a*) relatif tinggi di bagian pangkal. Secara nyata, ekstrak terlarut toluena, ekstrak terlarut etanol, dan kadar fenolat total di bagian gubal berbeda nyata dengan bagian teras dan terdapat perbedaan antara teras terluar dan teras terdalam pada kadar esktraktif terlarut toluena dan kadar ekstraktif terlarut etanol. Berdasarkan variasi radial, warna lebih gelap di bagian teras terluar dibandingkan bagian lainnya. Kadar ekstraktif terlarut air panas memiliki hubungan yang nyata (r = -0,72) dengan nilai L* di bagian gubal. Pada bagian teras, nilai L* memiliki hubungan negatif dengan kadar ekstrak terlarut etanol (r = -0,70), kadar ekstraktif terlarut air panas (r = -0,52), dan kadar ekstraktif total (r = -0,78). Secara nyata, nilai a* memiliki hubungan negatif (r = -0,58) dengan kadar fenolat total. Relatif rendahnya kadar ekstraktif dibandingkan umur dewasa serta tidak seragamnya sifat warna pada arah longitudinal perlu menjadi perhatian dalam pemanfaatan kayu JPP umur muda. Extractives Content and Colour Properties of 11-year-old Perhutani Superior Teakwood from Ngawi Forest Management UnitAbstractThe utilization of young teak wood had increased due to the gap in demand and the supply of raw materials. To meet the high demand, Perhutani had planted the fast growing of superior teakwood (Jati Plus Perhutani/JPP). This vegetative reproduction may affect the wood properties. Extractive content is important considering its relationship with the natural durability of wood and colour properties. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of radial and longitudinal directions on extractives content and colour properties from JPP. The JPP wood samples (11 years) were located in Ngawi Forest Management Unit. The observed factors were vertical (bottom, center, top) and radial (sapwood, outer heartwood, inner heartwood) directions. Wood extracts were obtained by successive extraction (toluene, ethanol, and hot water) in a soxhlet. Total phenolic content was also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method in toluene soluble extract. Colour properties were determined by CIEL*a*b* system. The result showed that vertical direction had significant effect as the bottom part showed the highest value in ethanol extract content but it had lower value in total phenolic content. Brightness (L*) value was comparatively high at the top part, while redness (a*) value was high at the bottom part. The levels of toluene, ethanol, and total extract content had a significant different between sapwood and heartwood as well as between outer heartwood and inner heartwood. Based on radial direction, the colour was darker in outer heartwood compared to the other parts. The correlation degree between the values of hot water extract and L* was significant (r = -0.72) in sapwood part. In heartwood, the correlation between ethanol, hot water, and total extract contentwith L* values were negative (r = -0.70; -0.52; -0.78, respectively). The correlation between a* value and total phenolic content was moderately significant (r = -0.58). The comparatively low content of extractive compared to mature woods as well as inhomogeneity of colour properties in vertical position should be noticed for young JPP wood utilization

Optimalisasi Penggunaan Lahan dengan Sistem Agroforestri dan Pendampingan Pascapanennya di Kelompok Tani Dusun Kemuning, Gunungkidul

Kemuning sub village district is located in Bunder village, Patuk, Gunung Kidul. This area is near by the Bunder forest park and Wanagama Educational Forest. Most of the people live there are farmers. As the soil is relatively unfertile, they prefer to plant trees, so they called as forest community farmers. Among the trees, they plant cassava, peanut, and corn, so it called as agroforestry. In the field, the area seems still has the opportunity that can be added to be planted. Based on this situation, in this project, the optimalization of land use was introduced to ask the farmers to plant the undergrowth species includes: zingiber, kunyit and kencur. This project was started by introducing the agroforestry system, where they can plant together both trees and non trees at the same land. The socialization was done by inviting the farmers to come to the meeting. The advantages of agroforestry was explained to them, and also the post harvesting management to produce the instant zingiber was also trained and demonstrated to the female farmers. This product is also useful for attracting the local tourist who usually come at the week end. The output of this project was the agroforestry demplot can be built in the field, so the farmers can learn and study to develope at their own land. The female farmer can also make the instant zingiber as the healthy drink

Pengaruh Ukuran Serbuk dan Penambahan Tempurung Kelapa Terhadap Kualitas Pelet Kayu Sengon

Limbah industri kayu sengon menjadi salah satu bahan baku dalam pembuatan pelet kayu karena potensinya yang cukup besar. Akan tetapi pelet kayu sengon memiliki kerapatan serta nilai kalor yang rendah. Untuk meningkatkan sifat bahan bakar pelet kayu Sengon maka dilakukan pencampuran bahan dengan serbuk tempurung kelapa. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan dari limbah serbuk gergaji sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.)) dan limbah tempurung kelapa (Cocos nucifera). Masing-masing bahan dibuat partikel pada 3 kelompok ukuran yaitu 20-40 mesh, 40-60 mesh, dan 60-80 mesh. Ke dalam serbuk kayu sengon ditambahkan serbuk tempurung kelapa dengan penambahan 25%, 50%, dan 75%, sedangkan untuk kontrol (0%) adalah pelet kayu sengon tanpa penambahan tempurung kelapa. Pelet dibuat dengan menggunakan single-pelletizer pada suhu ruang dengan tekanan 100 kg/cm2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi bahan baku yang berbeda (sengon dan tempurung kelapa) memberikan pengaruh terhadap sifat fisika dan kimia pelet kayu. Semakin tinggi persentase campuran serbuk tempurung kelapa pada pelet kayu sengon maka semakin tinggi keteguhan tekan, karbon terikat, total karbon dan nilai kalor, sedangkan untuk kadar zat mudah menguap, kadar abu, kadar N, S, dan H semakin rendah. Pelet terbaik dihasilkan pada kombinasi penambahan tempurung kelapa 50% dengan ukuran 60-80 mesh yang memiliki sifat kadar abu yang rendah (0,79%) dan nilai kalor yang tinggi (5129,07 Kal/g), serta keteguhan tekan yang masih cukup tinggi (444,75N). Hasil tersebut memenuhi standar SNI 8021:2014.Effect of Particle Size and Addition of Coconut Cell on the Quality of Sengon Wood PelletAbstractThe waste of sengon (Falcataria moluccana) industry becomes one of the raw materials in the manufactured of wood pellets, because of its potency. However F. moluccana pellets posses low density and calorific value. To improve its properties, a materials mixing with coconut shell parcticles was conducted. This study used material from the waste of sengon (F. moluccana) sawdust and the waste of coconut (Cocos nucifera). Particles from those materials were made on 3 sizes which are 20-40 mesh, 40-60 mesh, and 60-80 mesh. 25%, 50%, and 75% of coconut shell were added into sengon sawdust, while woode pellets with no additions were used as a control. Pellets are made using single-pelletizer at room temperature with a pressure of 100 kg/cm2. The research results showed if the different material combination (sengon and coconut shell) gave significant effect to physical properties and chemical content of wood pellets. Higher percentage of coconut shell gives higher compressive strength, fixed carbon content, total of carbon, and calorific value, while volatile matter, ash content, N, S, and H content showed lower value. The best pellet was resulted from combination between coconut shell addition 50% and nesh size 60 – 80 which posses quite low ash content (0.79%) and high calorific value (5129.07 Kal/g), and high compression strength (444.75 N). This result has qualified the standard of SNI 8021:2014

Pemanfaatan Limbah Biomassa Sawit Ramah Lingkungan

Dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan lahan untuk pembangunan perumahan karyawan, PT Semen Baturaja Tbk. (PTSB) membuka kurang lebih 27 hektar lahan yang di dalamnya diperkirakan terdapat kurang lebih 2700 batang tanaman kelapa sawit yang kurang produktif. Pembukaan lahan tersebut akan menghasilkan biomassa sawit yang cukup besar. Salah satu usaha pemanfaatan limbah biomassa sawit adalah dengan mengolahnya menjadikompos. Kompos dapat digunakan untuk rehabilitasi lahan bekas tambang oleh PTSB. Hingga saat ini, PTSB belum memiliki pengalaman di bidang pembuatan kompos. Oleh karena itu, PTSB bekerja sama dengan Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada untuk memproduksi pupuk kompos dari limbah biomassa tanaman sawit. Metode yang digunakan pada kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah sosialisasi, pembuatan kompos secara partisipatif, dan pendampingan di lapangan. Luaran dari kegiatan ini berupa kompos limbah biomassa sawit serta pengetahuan mengenai teknologi proses pembuatan kompos bagi pihak PTSB.Jumlah pupuk kompos yang bisa diperoleh dari delapan gundukan daun kelapa sawit adalah 248,9 ton dan dari batang kelapa sawit sebanyak 1.236,6 ton. Pupuk kompos setelah pengomposan selama dua bulan mempunyai rasio C/N 13,7. Biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk pengomposan adalah Rp591.405.000,00 dengan potensi keuntungan sebesar Rp6.093.232.500,00. Pengetahuan perihal pembuatan kompos berdampak pada penghematan pengeluaran PTSB untuk membeli pupuk guna rehabilitasi lahan serta penanganan permasalahan limbah biomassa