A Historical Sketch of Anglo-American Medical Law (With Emphasis on the Maxim of Respondeat Superior)

In MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, the medical and legal professions are united to encompass a wide range of human activity. The spectrum of medical law is so broad that a thorough consideration of its historical development would require the writing of several volumes. Consequently, this article confines itself to a discussion of the primary origins and major developments of Anglo American medical jurisprudence. Special emphasis has been placed upon the agency concept of respondeat superior, since this doctrine plays a prominent role in medical law and since the doctrine has been used of late to significantly expand the potential liability of the physician

Virtual Classrooms Bridging Homeschooling to Public Schools

This research explored the preliminary results that show how technology through virtual classrooms has bridged the home and public-schooling systems. The research invites further reflection on the ways by which the home-learning process improves through the inclusion of other parameters such as the e-learning framework. Online education has been discussed extensively as a way of enabling the home-schooling with increased access to better teachers and learning materials. The research identified the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a means of determining how new technologies in the online learning process compared to the virtual classroom learning experience. The research explored a case study research design, as proposed by Robert K. Yin (2014), in the analysis of the home-schooling alongside public school learners. The qualitative data used in this research saw the sampling frame of parents with home-schooled children with an understanding of the virtual learning process. The data collection through online means like Skype and personal interviews; ten participants sampled for this research were parents of home-schooled children. From the respondents, 18% backed home-schooling due to the suitability of the customized curriculum best fitting the children. The sample qualification eighty percent had a bachelor’s degree, and above, ten percent with a high school diploma and the other ten percent had no degree at all. This research determined that the employability of the persons who attend the virtual schools was as high as those that attend public schools albeit with added benefits of having used various virtual learning systems like tablets and video cameras in the learning process thus inculcating a virtue of independence among students. The interpretation of the research findings necessitates the argument that virtual classrooms can bridge the home-schooling to public schools

Treatment of a pharmaceutical waste with the anaerobic filter

The anaerobic filter is essentially a plug-flow, packed-bed, column type reactor in which the anaerobic bacteria responsible for the waste stabilization are attached to the filter media. This process is a relatively new concept in waste treatment which has been used only in laboratory studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate anaerobic filter performance when used to treat an actual industrial waste under controlled conditions of flow rate, organic strength and temperature. Four 0.5 cu ft (14.25 l) laboratory filters were operated for 180 days at 35° C using a pharmaceutical waste as the substrate. By varying influent waste concentrations from 1,000 to 16,000 mg/l COD and varying detention times from 12 to 48 hrs, a range of organic loadings from 13.8 to 220 lb COD/1000 cu ft/day (0.221 to 3.52 kg COD/cu m/day were produced. Filter performance was determined by monitoring selected parameters which included: COD removal, gas production, suspended solids, alkalinity, and volatile acids. The anaerobic filter was found to be an effective process for the treatment of the pharmaceutical waste studied, COD removals ranged from 80 to 98 percent for the investigated range of loading conditions. The filter also appeared to recover rapidly from shock loading conditions since instantaneous changes in loading conditions did not result in process failure --Abstract, page ii

Parents’ Voices: Virtual Classroom Bridging Homeschooling to Public Schools

This research examined to what extent homeschooling parents believed that virtual classrooms have bridged the home and public-schooling systems via a case study. Data were drawn from an online survey as well as Skype and personal interviews with ten participants who were parents of home-schooled children with an understanding of the virtual learning process. Participants reported both benefits and challenges of virtual homeschooling from parents’ perspectives. Discussion and implications to educational practitioners are included

Patient-reported outcome assessment of inflammatory arthritis patient experience with intravenously administered biologic therapy

Objective: To evaluate patient perspectives regarding utilization of intravenous (IV) therapy for inflammatory arthritis (IA). Methods: This was a single-center, non-interventional, patient questionnaire-based study of adult IA patients currently receiving IV biologics. At a single visit, patients completed the questionnaire comprising 30 questions centered on their experience receiving an intravenously administered therapy to treat their IA. The questionnaire included questions on patient demographics, disease characteristics, and previous biologic treatment for IA (subcutaneous [SC] and IV). Patients rated their level of agreement with statements regarding satisfaction with current IV biologic therapy and potential advantages and disadvantages of IV biologic therapy using a 5-point Likert scale (1= strongly disagree, 5= strongly agree). Results: One hundred patients were enrolled and completed the survey; 66% were female and the mean age was 58 years. Before IV treatment, 97% of patients received information regarding therapy options. Ninety patients ranked their satisfaction with current IV therapy as 4 or 5. The proportion of patients with an “extremely favorable” perception of IV therapy increased from 33% to 71% following initiation of their current medication. Thirty-one patients had previously received SC therapies to treat their IA. Conclusion: These results demonstrated an overall favorable perception of IV therapy among this patient population. Patients previously treated with SC therapy also had a positive shift in the perception of IV therapy after initiating IV therapy. Patients’ perception and preference for treatment options should be highly considered by the treating physician during or as part of a shared decision-making process. © 2017 Gaylis et al

Incentive Mechanisms in Peer-to-Peer Networks — A Systematic Literature Review

Centralized networks inevitably exhibit single points of failure that malicious actors regularly target. Decentralized networks are more resilient if numerous participants contribute to the network’s functionality. Most decentralized networks employ incentive mechanisms to coordinate the participation and cooperation of peers and thereby ensure the functionality and security of the network. This article systematically reviews incentive mechanisms for decentralized networks and networked systems by covering 165 prior literature reviews and 178 primary research papers published between 1993 and October 2022. Of the considered sources, we analyze 11 literature reviews and 105 primary research papers in detail by categorizing and comparing the distinctive properties of the presented incentive mechanisms. The reviewed incentive mechanisms establish fairness and reward participation and cooperative behavior. We review work that substitutes central authority through independent and subjective mechanisms run in isolation at each participating peer and work that applies multiparty computation. We use monetary, reputation, and service rewards as categories to differentiate the implementations and evaluate each incentive mechanism’s data management, attack resistance, and contribution model. Further, we highlight research gaps and deficiencies in reproducibility and comparability. Finally, we summarize our assessments and provide recommendations to apply incentive mechanisms to decentralized networks that share computational resources

ExCEEd II: Advanced training for even better teaching

In 2007, the American Society of Civil Engineering’s Committee on Faculty Development (CFD) conducted a longitudinal survey of all the past participants of the ExCEEd Teaching Workshop (ETW). The CFD received 173 responses, representing 40% of the ETW population at that time, to its survey about skills and the long term value of ETW. Important to this paper, 73% of the survey respondents said that they were interested in attending a post, advanced ETW. Motivated by these survey results, the CFD began its planning for a pilot ExCEEd II workshop during the 2008-2009 academic year. In the summer of 2009, ASCE offered its first ExCEEd II workshop for past ETW participants. This paper describes the day and a half ExCEEd II workshop along with a summary of results captured from two structured evaluations. All activities, except two, received average scores for value and conduct of 4.0 or better on a 1.0 to 5.0 scale. The participant teaching experience followed by the demonstration class taught by a master teacher were rated the highest in terms of their value to the participants. For some participants, the hands-on teaching experience coupled with the constructive and supportive feedback environment were cited as the main reasons for attending ExCEEd II. The program’s cost was deemed reasonable and appropriate to the length, value, and conduct of the workshop. The participants recommended increasing the length of the workshop to two days; incorporating two participant teaching sessions; providing more information or time to the topics of brain functions, problem based learning, ETW review, and short in-class demonstrations or models; and adding content on evaluating student learning and integrating new teaching technologies

Surface Cover from Corn Residue on Sandy Soils

Corn residue left as surface cover after land preparation and planting by various combinations of tillage implements and surface planters, respectively, was measured on four research/ demonstration sites with sandy soils in Nebraska. Surface cover ranged from 51 to 80% for the no-till treatments to 14 to 53% for the twice-disked treatments. The wide range in cover was due to the amount of antecedent residues from the previous crop and the soil type which ranged from sandy loam to tine sands. Other tillage implements included a rolling cultivator, sweep-plow, and mulch-treader

Pelecypods

13 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 12-13)

Tropical reefs

37 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-37)."Organic reefs, especially shallow-water coral reefs of warm seas, are built by stable communities of organisms in a narrow adaptive zone of low stress. They have an extraordinarily good fossil record that may be applied to broad problems of evolution of the tropical marine biota and ancillary questions about past climates and changing distributions of land and sea over more than one-half billion years of earth history. This essay is an attempt at a synopsis through the eyes of a paleobiologist of some of the existing episodes in the history of the world's oceans and their organisms. The reef community is well suited for a leading role in this history"--P. [1]