92 research outputs found

    Variations gĂ©ographiques de l’incidence des leucĂ©mies de l’enfant et association avec l’exposition aux radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle

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    Ionizing radiation due to medical or accidental exposure to high doses is an established risk factor for leukemia in humans. However, the evidence of a risk associated with exposure to ionizing radiation at lower levels usually encountered in the environment remains to be demonstrated. Our work aims to evaluate the hypothesis of the existence of an association between natural background ionizing radiation and the risk of childhood leukemia (CL) using observations made in France.Leukemia cases included in this study are all the CL recorded in the National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies, an exhaustive repository of all cases of patients younger than 15 years old in France over the studied period.First step was the study of the spatial distribution of the incidence of CL at the level of the 1,916 Living Zone (LZ) defined by INSEE. Cluster detection methods have been used on 7,675 cases of CL diagnosed during the period 1990-2006 to identify areas potentially associated with a higher risk of acute childhood leukemia. The study did not show any spatial heterogeneity of incidence of CL during the period at LZ level. However, some spatial clusters were highlighted in specific places and times. Although the levels of significance of these clusters do not strongly support the existence of risk factors, localized clusters can show a slight impact of risk factors shared across LZ, including contextual environmental exposures.To test the hypothesis of the existence of an association between environmental exposure to ionizing radiation of natural origin and incidence of childhood leukemia, an incidence study based on 9,056 cases of CL for the period 1990-2009 was conducted. This study was complemented by a record-based cases-controls study based on the 2,763 cases of CL recorded over the 2002-2007 period and a control set of 30,000 subjects constituting a representative sample of the contemporary French pediatric population. In this approach, localizations of cases and controls and exposure identifications were geocoded and compared to the status cases vs control population.Data of exposure to natural background radiation were produced by the IRSN (Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety). Mapping of the “potential radon exhalation emitted by the ground” and a national sampling of 10,843 measurement points located in dwellings were used to estimate residential exposure to radon at a level of granularity of cities and houses. Exposure to terrestrial gamma and cosmic rays was estimated by zone d’emploi based on a set of more than 28,000 environmental measurements in approximately 1,000 sites covering whole France, and by the IRSN national campaign data. Our study did not show any association of childhood leukemia with exposures to natural background radiation estimated nor at diagnosis nor cumulatively during childhood. However it had a good power to highlight the risks expected from current models of risk (UNSCEAR) built from studies on the observed high doses risks. If this work does not support the hypothesis that there is an association between exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources observed and the incidence of childhood leukemia which may be directly observable at the epidemiologic level, this question remains important enough and not investigated enough to merit further complementary studies in countries where it has not been investigated.Les rayonnements ionisants sont un facteur de risque reconnu pour les leucĂ©mies chez l'homme pour des fortes doses d'exposition mĂ©dicale ou accidentelle. En revanche, l'hypothĂšse de l'existence d'un risque associĂ© aux rayonnements ionisants Ă  des niveaux d’exposition infĂ©rieurs, habituellement rencontrĂ©s dans l'environnement et de maniĂšre continue reste Ă  dĂ©montrer. Notre travail propose d’évaluer l’hypothĂšse de l’existence d’une association entre les expositions environnementales aux radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle et le risque de leucĂ©mie de l’enfant (LA) en utilisant des observations rĂ©alisĂ©es en France mĂ©tropolitaine.Les cas de leucĂ©mie inclus dans ce travail sont toutes les LA du Registre National des HĂ©mopathies malignes de l’Enfant, qui enregistre l'ensemble des cas de moins de 15 ans diagnostiquĂ©s en France mĂ©tropolitaine, sur la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e.Un premier travail a consistĂ© Ă  Ă©tudier la rĂ©partition spatiale de l’incidence des leucĂ©mies de l’enfant au niveau des 1 916 bassins de vie (BV) dĂ©finis par l’INSEE. Des mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection de cluster ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es sur les 7 675 cas de leucĂ©mies de l'enfant diagnostiquĂ©s entre 1990 et 2006 afin d’identifier les zones potentiellement associĂ©es Ă  un plus fort risque de leucĂ©mies aiguĂ«s de l’enfant. Cette Ă©tude n'a pas mis en Ă©vidence d’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale des taux d'incidence des LA de l'enfant au cours de la pĂ©riode 1990-2006 au niveau des BV. Cependant, quelques clusters spatiaux ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s dans des lieux et pĂ©riodes spĂ©cifiques. Bien que les niveaux de significativitĂ© de ces clusters ne soutiennent pas fortement l'existence de facteurs de risque localisĂ©s, les clusters peuvent montrer un lĂ©ger impact de facteurs de risque partagĂ©s Ă  l'Ă©chelle des BV.Pour tester l’hypothĂšse de l’existence d’une association entre l’exposition aux radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle et l’incidence des leucĂ©mies de l’enfant, une Ă©tude d’incidence basĂ©e sur les 9 056 cas de LA de la pĂ©riode 1990-2009 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©e par une Ă©tude cas-tĂ©moins en population fondĂ©e sur les 2 763 cas de LA enregistrĂ©s sur la pĂ©riode 2002-2007 et un ensemble tĂ©moin de 30 000 sujets constituant un Ă©chantillon contemporain reprĂ©sentatif de la population pĂ©diatrique française. Dans cette approche, la gĂ©olocalisation des adresses des cas et des tĂ©moins ainsi que celle des sources d'exposition et leur caractĂ©risation permet de dĂ©finir les critĂšres de l'intensitĂ© d'exposition aux facteurs d'intĂ©rĂȘt et de les mettre en relation avec le statut cas vs tĂ©moins des sujets.Les donnĂ©es concernant l'exposition Ă  la radioactivitĂ© d’origine naturelle ont Ă©tĂ© produites par l'IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de SĂ»retĂ© NuclĂ©aire). Une cartographie du potentiel d’exhalation du radon Ă©mis par le sol et un Ă©chantillon national de 10 843 points de mesures localisĂ©s dans des habitations ont permis d’estimer l’exposition rĂ©sidentielle au radon au niveau de la commune et du domicile. L’exposition aux rayonnements gamma telluriques et cosmiques a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e par zone d’emploi Ă  partir d’un ensemble de 28 000 mesures issues de la campagne nationale IRSN et de mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es dans approximativement 1 000 sites couvrant la France entiĂšre, dans un but de surveillance de la radioactivitĂ© ambiante.Notre Ă©tude n’a pas montrĂ© d’association entre les leucĂ©mies de l’enfant et l’exposition aux radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle estimĂ©e au diagnostic et de façon cumulĂ©e pendant l’enfance. Elle avait une bonne puissance pour mettre en Ă©vidence les risques attendus d’aprĂšs les modĂšles de risque actuels (UNSCEAR) issus des Ă©tudes sur les risques observĂ©s Ă  forte dose. Cette question reste nĂ©anmoins suffisamment importante et peu explorĂ©e pour mĂ©riter des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires dans d’autres pays

    Detection of clusters of a rare disease over a large territory: performance of cluster detection methods

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    International audienceBackgroundFor many years, the detection of clusters has been of great public health interest. Several detection methods have been developed, the most famous of which is the circular scan method. The present study, which was conducted in the context of a rare disease distributed over a large territory (7675 cases registered over 17 years and located in 1895 units), aimed to evaluate the performance of several of the methods in realistic hot-spot cluster situations.MethodsAll the methods considered aim to identify the most likely cluster area, i.e. the zone that maximizes the likelihood ratio function, among a set of cluster candidates. The circular and elliptic scan methods were developed to detect regularly shaped clusters. Four other methods that focus on irregularly shaped clusters were also considered (the flexible scan method, the genetic algorithm method, and the double connected and maximum linkage spatial scan methods). The power of the methods was evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations under 27 alternative scenarios that corresponded to three cluster population sizes (20, 45 and 115 expected cases), three cluster shapes (linear, U-shaped and compact) and three relative risk values (1.5, 2.0 and 3.0).ResultsThree situations emerged from this power study. All the methods failed to detect the smallest clusters with a relative risk lower than 3.0. The power to detect the largest cluster with relative risk of 1.5 was markedly better for all methods, but, at most, half of the true cluster was captured. For other clusters, either large or with the highest relative risk, the standard elliptic scan method appeared to be the best method to detect linear clusters, while the flexible scan method localized the U-shaped clusters more precisely than other methods. Large compact clusters were detected well by all methods, with better results for the circular and elliptic scan methods.ConclusionsThe elliptic scan method and flexible scan method seemed the most able to detect clusters of a rare disease in a large territory. However, the probability of detecting small clusters with relative risk lower than 3.0 remained low with all the methods tested

    The incremental healthcare cost associated with cancer in Belgium:A registry-based data analysis

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    Background: Similar to many countries, Belgium experienced a rapid increase in cancer diagnoses in the last years. Considering that a large part of cancer types could be prevented, our study aimed to estimate the annual healthcare burden of cancer per site, and to compare cost with burden of disease estimates to have a better understanding of the impact of different cancer sites in Belgium. Methods: We used nationally available data sources to estimate the healthcare expenditure. We opted for a prevalence-based approach which measures the disease attributable costs that occur concurrently for 10-year prevalent cancer cases in 2018. Average attributable costs of cancer were computed via matching of cases (patients with cancer by site) and controls (patients without cancer). Years of life lost due to disability (YLD) were used to summarize the health impact of the selected cancers. Results: The highest attributable cost in 2018 among the selected cancers was on average €15,867 per patient for bronchus and lung cancer, followed by liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and mesothelioma. For the total cost, lung cancer was the most costly cancer site with almost €700 million spent in 2018. Lung cancer was followed by breast and colorectal cancer that costed more than €300 million each in 2018. Conclusions:In our study, the direct attributable cost of the most prevalent cancer sites in Belgium was estimated to provide useful guidance for cost containment policies. Many of these cancers could be prevented by tackling risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and environmental stressors.</p

    Spatial Variations in the Childhood Leukemia Incidence and Association with Natural Background Radiation

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    Les rayonnements ionisants sont un facteur de risque reconnu pour les leucĂ©mies chez l'homme pour des fortes doses d'exposition mĂ©dicale ou accidentelle. En revanche, l'hypothĂšse de l'existence d'un risque associĂ© aux rayonnements ionisants Ă  des niveaux d’exposition infĂ©rieurs, habituellement rencontrĂ©s dans l'environnement et de maniĂšre continue reste Ă  dĂ©montrer. Notre travail propose d’évaluer l’hypothĂšse de l’existence d’une association entre les expositions environnementales aux radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle et le risque de leucĂ©mie de l’enfant (LA) en utilisant des observations rĂ©alisĂ©es en France mĂ©tropolitaine.Les cas de leucĂ©mie inclus dans ce travail sont toutes les LA du Registre National des HĂ©mopathies malignes de l’Enfant, qui enregistre l'ensemble des cas de moins de 15 ans diagnostiquĂ©s en France mĂ©tropolitaine, sur la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e.Un premier travail a consistĂ© Ă  Ă©tudier la rĂ©partition spatiale de l’incidence des leucĂ©mies de l’enfant au niveau des 1 916 bassins de vie (BV) dĂ©finis par l’INSEE. Des mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection de cluster ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es sur les 7 675 cas de leucĂ©mies de l'enfant diagnostiquĂ©s entre 1990 et 2006 afin d’identifier les zones potentiellement associĂ©es Ă  un plus fort risque de leucĂ©mies aiguĂ«s de l’enfant. Cette Ă©tude n'a pas mis en Ă©vidence d’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale des taux d'incidence des LA de l'enfant au cours de la pĂ©riode 1990-2006 au niveau des BV. Cependant, quelques clusters spatiaux ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s dans des lieux et pĂ©riodes spĂ©cifiques. Bien que les niveaux de significativitĂ© de ces clusters ne soutiennent pas fortement l'existence de facteurs de risque localisĂ©s, les clusters peuvent montrer un lĂ©ger impact de facteurs de risque partagĂ©s Ă  l'Ă©chelle des BV.Pour tester l’hypothĂšse de l’existence d’une association entre l’exposition aux radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle et l’incidence des leucĂ©mies de l’enfant, une Ă©tude d’incidence basĂ©e sur les 9 056 cas de LA de la pĂ©riode 1990-2009 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©e par une Ă©tude cas-tĂ©moins en population fondĂ©e sur les 2 763 cas de LA enregistrĂ©s sur la pĂ©riode 2002-2007 et un ensemble tĂ©moin de 30 000 sujets constituant un Ă©chantillon contemporain reprĂ©sentatif de la population pĂ©diatrique française. Dans cette approche, la gĂ©olocalisation des adresses des cas et des tĂ©moins ainsi que celle des sources d'exposition et leur caractĂ©risation permet de dĂ©finir les critĂšres de l'intensitĂ© d'exposition aux facteurs d'intĂ©rĂȘt et de les mettre en relation avec le statut cas vs tĂ©moins des sujets.Les donnĂ©es concernant l'exposition Ă  la radioactivitĂ© d’origine naturelle ont Ă©tĂ© produites par l'IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de SĂ»retĂ© NuclĂ©aire). Une cartographie du potentiel d’exhalation du radon Ă©mis par le sol et un Ă©chantillon national de 10 843 points de mesures localisĂ©s dans des habitations ont permis d’estimer l’exposition rĂ©sidentielle au radon au niveau de la commune et du domicile. L’exposition aux rayonnements gamma telluriques et cosmiques a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e par zone d’emploi Ă  partir d’un ensemble de 28 000 mesures issues de la campagne nationale IRSN et de mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es dans approximativement 1 000 sites couvrant la France entiĂšre, dans un but de surveillance de la radioactivitĂ© ambiante.Notre Ă©tude n’a pas montrĂ© d’association entre les leucĂ©mies de l’enfant et l’exposition aux radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle estimĂ©e au diagnostic et de façon cumulĂ©e pendant l’enfance. Elle avait une bonne puissance pour mettre en Ă©vidence les risques attendus d’aprĂšs les modĂšles de risque actuels (UNSCEAR) issus des Ă©tudes sur les risques observĂ©s Ă  forte dose. Cette question reste nĂ©anmoins suffisamment importante et peu explorĂ©e pour mĂ©riter des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires dans d’autres pays.Ionizing radiation due to medical or accidental exposure to high doses is an established risk factor for leukemia in humans. However, the evidence of a risk associated with exposure to ionizing radiation at lower levels usually encountered in the environment remains to be demonstrated. Our work aims to evaluate the hypothesis of the existence of an association between natural background ionizing radiation and the risk of childhood leukemia (CL) using observations made in France.Leukemia cases included in this study are all the CL recorded in the National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies, an exhaustive repository of all cases of patients younger than 15 years old in France over the studied period.First step was the study of the spatial distribution of the incidence of CL at the level of the 1,916 Living Zone (LZ) defined by INSEE. Cluster detection methods have been used on 7,675 cases of CL diagnosed during the period 1990-2006 to identify areas potentially associated with a higher risk of acute childhood leukemia. The study did not show any spatial heterogeneity of incidence of CL during the period at LZ level. However, some spatial clusters were highlighted in specific places and times. Although the levels of significance of these clusters do not strongly support the existence of risk factors, localized clusters can show a slight impact of risk factors shared across LZ, including contextual environmental exposures.To test the hypothesis of the existence of an association between environmental exposure to ionizing radiation of natural origin and incidence of childhood leukemia, an incidence study based on 9,056 cases of CL for the period 1990-2009 was conducted. This study was complemented by a record-based cases-controls study based on the 2,763 cases of CL recorded over the 2002-2007 period and a control set of 30,000 subjects constituting a representative sample of the contemporary French pediatric population. In this approach, localizations of cases and controls and exposure identifications were geocoded and compared to the status cases vs control population.Data of exposure to natural background radiation were produced by the IRSN (Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety). Mapping of the “potential radon exhalation emitted by the ground” and a national sampling of 10,843 measurement points located in dwellings were used to estimate residential exposure to radon at a level of granularity of cities and houses. Exposure to terrestrial gamma and cosmic rays was estimated by zone d’emploi based on a set of more than 28,000 environmental measurements in approximately 1,000 sites covering whole France, and by the IRSN national campaign data. Our study did not show any association of childhood leukemia with exposures to natural background radiation estimated nor at diagnosis nor cumulatively during childhood. However it had a good power to highlight the risks expected from current models of risk (UNSCEAR) built from studies on the observed high doses risks. If this work does not support the hypothesis that there is an association between exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources observed and the incidence of childhood leukemia which may be directly observable at the epidemiologic level, this question remains important enough and not investigated enough to merit further complementary studies in countries where it has not been investigated

    Variations géographiques de l'incidence des leucémies de l'enfant et association avec l'exposition aux radiations ionisantes d'origine naturelle

    No full text
    Les rayonnements ionisants sont un facteur de risque reconnu pour les leucĂ©mies chez l'homme pour des fortes doses d'exposition mĂ©dicale ou accidentelle. En revanche, l'hypothĂšse de l'existence d'un risque associĂ© aux rayonnements ionisants Ă  des niveaux d exposition infĂ©rieurs, habituellement rencontrĂ©s dans l'environnement et de maniĂšre continue reste Ă  dĂ©montrer. Notre travail propose d Ă©valuer l hypothĂšse de l existence d une association entre les expositions environnementales aux radiations ionisantes d origine naturelle et le risque de leucĂ©mie de l enfant (LA) en utilisant des observations rĂ©alisĂ©es en France mĂ©tropolitaine.Les cas de leucĂ©mie inclus dans ce travail sont toutes les LA du Registre National des HĂ©mopathies malignes de l Enfant, qui enregistre l'ensemble des cas de moins de 15 ans diagnostiquĂ©s en France mĂ©tropolitaine, sur la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e.Un premier travail a consistĂ© Ă  Ă©tudier la rĂ©partition spatiale de l incidence des leucĂ©mies de l enfant au niveau des 1 916 bassins de vie (BV) dĂ©finis par l INSEE. Des mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection de cluster ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es sur les 7 675 cas de leucĂ©mies de l'enfant diagnostiquĂ©s entre 1990 et 2006 afin d identifier les zones potentiellement associĂ©es Ă  un plus fort risque de leucĂ©mies aiguĂ«s de l enfant. Cette Ă©tude n'a pas mis en Ă©vidence d hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale des taux d'incidence des LA de l'enfant au cours de la pĂ©riode 1990-2006 au niveau des BV. Cependant, quelques clusters spatiaux ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s dans des lieux et pĂ©riodes spĂ©cifiques. Bien que les niveaux de significativitĂ© de ces clusters ne soutiennent pas fortement l'existence de facteurs de risque localisĂ©s, les clusters peuvent montrer un lĂ©ger impact de facteurs de risque partagĂ©s Ă  l'Ă©chelle des BV.Pour tester l hypothĂšse de l existence d une association entre l exposition aux radiations ionisantes d origine naturelle et l incidence des leucĂ©mies de l enfant, une Ă©tude d incidence basĂ©e sur les 9 056 cas de LA de la pĂ©riode 1990-2009 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©e par une Ă©tude cas-tĂ©moins en population fondĂ©e sur les 2 763 cas de LA enregistrĂ©s sur la pĂ©riode 2002-2007 et un ensemble tĂ©moin de 30 000 sujets constituant un Ă©chantillon contemporain reprĂ©sentatif de la population pĂ©diatrique française. Dans cette approche, la gĂ©olocalisation des adresses des cas et des tĂ©moins ainsi que celle des sources d'exposition et leur caractĂ©risation permet de dĂ©finir les critĂšres de l'intensitĂ© d'exposition aux facteurs d'intĂ©rĂȘt et de les mettre en relation avec le statut cas vs tĂ©moins des sujets.Les donnĂ©es concernant l'exposition Ă  la radioactivitĂ© d origine naturelle ont Ă©tĂ© produites par l'IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de SĂ»retĂ© NuclĂ©aire). Une cartographie du potentiel d exhalation du radon Ă©mis par le sol et un Ă©chantillon national de 10 843 points de mesures localisĂ©s dans des habitations ont permis d estimer l exposition rĂ©sidentielle au radon au niveau de la commune et du domicile. L exposition aux rayonnements gamma telluriques et cosmiques a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e par zone d emploi Ă  partir d un ensemble de 28 000 mesures issues de la campagne nationale IRSN et de mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es dans approximativement 1 000 sites couvrant la France entiĂšre, dans un but de surveillance de la radioactivitĂ© ambiante.Notre Ă©tude n a pas montrĂ© d association entre les leucĂ©mies de l enfant et l exposition aux radiations ionisantes d origine naturelle estimĂ©e au diagnostic et de façon cumulĂ©e pendant l enfance. Elle avait une bonne puissance pour mettre en Ă©vidence les risques attendus d aprĂšs les modĂšles de risque actuels (UNSCEAR) issus des Ă©tudes sur les risques observĂ©s Ă  forte dose. Cette question reste nĂ©anmoins suffisamment importante et peu explorĂ©e pour mĂ©riter des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires dans d autres pays.Ionizing radiation due to medical or accidental exposure to high doses is an established risk factor for leukemia in humans. However, the evidence of a risk associated with exposure to ionizing radiation at lower levels usually encountered in the environment remains to be demonstrated. Our work aims to evaluate the hypothesis of the existence of an association between natural background ionizing radiation and the risk of childhood leukemia (CL) using observations made in France.Leukemia cases included in this study are all the CL recorded in the National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies, an exhaustive repository of all cases of patients younger than 15 years old in France over the studied period.First step was the study of the spatial distribution of the incidence of CL at the level of the 1,916 Living Zone (LZ) defined by INSEE. Cluster detection methods have been used on 7,675 cases of CL diagnosed during the period 1990-2006 to identify areas potentially associated with a higher risk of acute childhood leukemia. The study did not show any spatial heterogeneity of incidence of CL during the period at LZ level. However, some spatial clusters were highlighted in specific places and times. Although the levels of significance of these clusters do not strongly support the existence of risk factors, localized clusters can show a slight impact of risk factors shared across LZ, including contextual environmental exposures.To test the hypothesis of the existence of an association between environmental exposure to ionizing radiation of natural origin and incidence of childhood leukemia, an incidence study based on 9,056 cases of CL for the period 1990-2009 was conducted. This study was complemented by a record-based cases-controls study based on the 2,763 cases of CL recorded over the 2002-2007 period and a control set of 30,000 subjects constituting a representative sample of the contemporary French pediatric population. In this approach, localizations of cases and controls and exposure identifications were geocoded and compared to the status cases vs control population.Data of exposure to natural background radiation were produced by the IRSN (Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety). Mapping of the potential radon exhalation emitted by the ground and a national sampling of 10,843 measurement points located in dwellings were used to estimate residential exposure to radon at a level of granularity of cities and houses. Exposure to terrestrial gamma and cosmic rays was estimated by zone d emploi based on a set of more than 28,000 environmental measurements in approximately 1,000 sites covering whole France, and by the IRSN national campaign data. Our study did not show any association of childhood leukemia with exposures to natural background radiation estimated nor at diagnosis nor cumulatively during childhood. However it had a good power to highlight the risks expected from current models of risk (UNSCEAR) built from studies on the observed high doses risks. If this work does not support the hypothesis that there is an association between exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources observed and the incidence of childhood leukemia which may be directly observable at the epidemiologic level, this question remains important enough and not investigated enough to merit further complementary studies in countries where it has not been investigated.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. Ă©lectronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    EBoD-FL. Guidelines for mapping the environmental burden of disease in Flanders, 2023

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    The environment poses a diverse range of health risks. Environmental burden of disease (EBD) studies try to estimate the impact of environmental stressors in terms mortality or morbidity on a population level. Although environmental risks have been studied in Flanders, an effort to routinely quantify the environmental disease burden completely and coherently has thus far not been established. For this reason, Sciensano and Departement Zorg are partnering up in a project to map the Environmental Burden of Disease in Flanders (EBoD-FL). The aim of the research is to inventory the burden of disease attributable to all relevant environmental stressors according to a coherent framework. To tackle this objective, the disease burden attributable to environmental stressors is estimated using comparative risk assessment (CRA). As this method determines the attributable burden proportionally, figures for the total disease burden are required as a baseline to obtain absolute estimates. In EBoD-FL, the EBD is quantified as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a summary measure that combines both mortality and&nbsp;morbidity. Given the extensive list of potential risk factor-health outcome pairs, a set of priorities was defined in terms of environmental stressors and health outcomes. The risk factors that were prioritised are those related to air quality, environmental noise and extreme temperature. In terms of outcomes, priority was given to all-cause mortality, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. This report outlines the CRA methodology in general, and the application on the risk-outcome pairs that have been given priority. The basic steps of CRA&nbsp;are: Selection of risk factors: Which risk factors are included in the study and how is exposure quantified as a&nbsp;metric? Exposure assessment: how to measure or model exposure to the risk factors in the&nbsp;population? Identification of risk-outcome pairs: which health outcomes are caused by the risk&nbsp;factors? Quantification of the risk-outcome relation: what is the risk of developing the outcome in function of&nbsp;exposure? Calculation of the population attributable fraction: what is the proportion of the disease burden attributed to one or multiple risk&nbsp;factors? The purpose of this report is to outline the general methodology used to tackle the objective of EBoD-FL and to apply the CRA methodology to the stressors that are prioritized. Additionally, possibilities for the application of the results for evidence-based policy are explored, as well as some challenges and&nbsp;limitations.</p
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