Análise de sementes de Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick de frutos coletados em três estádios de maturação

Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick is a palm species that has potential for economic and environmental applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed viability of a B. odorata population using two methods, as well as the water content at three ripening stages, the average number of fruits per infructescence, and the thousand-diaspore weight. Fruits and seeds were analyzed from the beginning of ripening stage to the partial dehiscence stage. The percentage humidity of the diaspores collected from the beginning of ripening to the dehiscence of fruits ranged between 16.8% and 19.8%. However, one week after pulping, when the seeds were maintained in a dry and ventilated environment, the water content decreased to 11.06%, regardless of the fruit ripening stage. The average mass of 1000 diaspores was 1.9 kg, with variation among the mother plants. We recorded an average of 860 fruits per infructescence and around 1,570 viable seeds. Around 2% of these seeds lacked an embryo. The viability was 83%.Butia odorata é uma palmeira com potencial econômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade das sementes de uma população de B. odorata através de dois métodos, além do teor de água em três estádios de maturação, número médio de fruto por infrutescência e massa de mil diásporos. Foram analisados frutos e sementes desde o início da maturação até a deiscência. O percentual de umidade de diásporos desde o início de maturação até a deiscência dos frutos variou entre 16,8 e 19,8%, no entanto, uma semana após a despolpa e manutenção em ambiente seco e ventilado, houve redução para 11,06%, indiferentemente do estádio de maturação dos frutos. A massa de mil diásporos foi, em média, 1,9 kg, com variação entre matrizes. Foram contabilizados 860 frutos por infrutescência, com cerca de 1570 sementes íntegras. Destas, em torno de 2% não continham embrião. A viabilidade foi de 83%

Adubação nitrogenada em minicepas de Campomanesia aurea O. Berg e sua influência na produtividade e enraizamento de miniestacas em diferentes estações do ano

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of nitrogen doses on the ministrain of C. aurea conducted in minigarden system regarding productivity, rooting and root system quality of minicuttings at different seasons. The experiment was conducted at a greenhouse, and the treatments consisted of collection times (autumn, winter, spring and summer) and nitrogen doses (0, 0.3, 1.12, 1.95 and 3.60 g L-1). We evaluated the survival of ministrains, productivity of minicuttings, percentage of rooting and root dry matter. The experiment comprised randomized blocks in a 5 x 4 factorial design. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial regression, and means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The mean productivity was 10.0 and 18.9 minicuttings per ministrain in the spring and summer, respectively. Rooting was hindered by the increase in nitrogen doses. We concluded that the survival of ministrains is influenced by nitrogen fertilization, and that the N dose 1.12 g L-1 provides better results for productivity and rooting of minicuttings when collected during the spring and summer.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio em minicepas de C. aurea conduzidas em sistema de minijardim sobre a produtividade, enraizamento e qualidade do sistema radicular de miniestacas em diferentes estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e os tratamentos consistiram em épocas de coleta (outono, inverno, primavera e verão) e doses de nitrogênio (0, 0,3, 1,12, 1,95 e 3,60 g L-1). Avaliou-se a sobrevivência das minicepas, a produtividade de miniestacas, porcentagem de enraizamento e matéria seca de raiz. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância regressão polinomial e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A produtividade média foi de 10,0 e 18,9 miniestacas por minicepa na primavera e verão, respectivamente. O enraizamento foi prejudicado pelo aumento das doses de nitrogênio. Conclui-se que, a sobrevivência de minicepas é influenciada pela aplicação de adubação nitrogenada, e que a dose de 1,12 g L-1 de nitrogênio apresenta resultados superiores na produtividade e enraizamento de miniestacas quando coletadas na primavera e verão

El uso de KOH en la disolución de IBA y formulación de sustratos para el enraizamiento de esquejes de Acer palmatum Thunb

Acer palmatum is a species widely used in landscaping in southern Brazil. It has some limitations in propagation via seeds, therefore, cutting is a viable propagation method, especially when plant regulators and plant substrates are properly. The objective was to evaluate substrate and solvent compositions for indolebutyric acid (IBA) dissolution in the rooting of Acer palmatum cuttings. Apical herbaceous cuttings were used and inserted for five seconds in IBA solution (8 g L-1) diluted in hydroalcoholic solvents (50%) and potassium hydroxide (0.5 M KOH). Then, they were established in multicellular trays with substrates carbonized rice husk (CRH) and expanded clay (EXCL), isolates and in mixtures (1:1; 2:1 and 1:2, v/v). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 5 bifactorial scheme (forms of dissolution of IBA x substrates), in four replications of 10 cuttings. The results showed no interaction between the factors. However, the dissolution of IBA in KOH and the substrates CRH and EXCL (1:2 and 2:1, v/v) provided higher rooting and leaf retention. In addition, the substrates showed greater root dry mass and aerial part for cutting development. Therefore, vegetative propagation of Acer palmatum through cuttings is more appropriate with the dissolution of IBA with KOH solvent (66,84% rooting) and formulated substrates CRH and EXCL (1:2 and 2:1, v/v) (66,87% rooting).Acer palmatum es una especie muy utilizada en jardinería en el sur de Brasil. Tiene algunas limitaciones en la propagación através de semillas, por lo tanto, esqueje es un método de propagación viable, especialmente cuando los reguladores del crecimiento de las plantas y los sustratos de las plantas son los adecuados. El objetivo fue evaluar la composición del sustrato y solvente para la disolución del ácido indolbutírico (IBA) en el enraizamiento de esquejes de Acer palmatum. Se utilizaron esquejes herbáceos apicales que se insertaron durante cinco segundos en solución de IBA (8 g L-1) diluida en solventes hidroalcohólicos (50%) e hidróxido de potasio (KOH 0.5 M). Luego, se establecieron en bandejas multicelulares con sustratos de cáscara de arroz carbonizada (CAC) y arcilla expandida (AE), aislados y en mezclas (1:1; 2:1 y 1:2, v/v). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar en un esquema bifactorial 2 x 5 (formas de disolución de IBA x sustratos), en cuatro repeticiones de 10 esquejes. Los resultados no mostraron interacción entre los factores. Sin embargo, la disolución de IBA en KOH y los sustratos CAC y AE (1:2 y 2:1, v/v) proporcionaron mayor enraizamiento y retención de hojas. Además, los sustratos mostraron mayor masa seca de raíz y parte aérea para el desarrollo del esqueje. Por tanto, la propagación vegetativa de Acer palmatum através de esquejes es más apropiada con la disolución de IBA con solvente KOH (66,84% de enraizamiento) y sustratos formulados CAC y AE (1:2 y 2:1, v/v) (66,87% enraizamiento)

Crescimento e desenvolvimento de mudas de butiá-anão (Butia lallemantii) : substrato e tamanho do propágulo

Butia lallemantii is a palm with a cespitous habit and subterranean stems, showing asexual propagation. However, there is a lack of studies related to seedling production practices. The objective was to evaluate the growth and development of Butia lallemantii plants submitted to substrate formulations and stipe diameters. Seedlings were classified into two classes of stipe diameter (CSD) and placed on the following substrates: commercial (CM); carbonized rice husk (CRH); and CRH + coconut powder (CRH + CP - 1:1, v/v). The following were evaluated: number of tillers and pinnate leaves (NPL), and percentage of live leaves, during 570 days, and at the end: length, volume, fresh and dry root mass. The experimental design was completely randomized in a bifactorial scheme (2x3), with four replications. There was no interaction between the substrate and the CSD factors for the variables of the leaf system, however, interaction was observed in all the variables of the root system. Class 2 showed superior results for NPL, and there was no substrate with significant variance. In the root system: class 2 and CRH substrate allowed superior results.Butia lallemantii é uma palmeira de hábito cespitoso e caule subterrâneo, apresentando propagação assexuada. No entanto, faltam estudos relacionados às práticas de produção de mudas. O objetivo foi avaliar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de plantas de Butia lallemantii submetidas a formulações de substratos e diâmetros de estipe. Mudas foram classificadas em duas classes de diâmetro de estipe (CDE) e dispostas nos seguintes substratos: comercial (CM); casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC); e CAC + pó de coco (CAC + PC - 1:1, v/v). Foram avaliados: número de perfilhos e de folhas pinadas (NFP), e ao final: comprimento, volume, massa fresca e seca de raízes e porcentagem de folhas vivas, durante 570 dias. Delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema bifatorial (2x3), com quatro repetições. Não houve interação entre o substrato e os fatores de CDE para as variáveis do sistema foliar, entretanto, interação foi observada em todas as variáveis do sistema radicular. A classe 2 apresentou resultados superiores para NFP, e não houve substrato com variância significativa. No sistema radicular: a classe 2 e o substrato CAC permitiram resultados superiores. Portanto, os substratos CAC associados à classe 2 são adequados para o desenvolvimento de mudas de Butia lallemantii

In vitro germination of pollen grains of three native species from Pampa biome with ornamental potential

The aim of this work was to verify the in vitro germination of pollen grains of Angelonia integerrima L., Campomanesia aurea O. Berg and Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth in different culture medium and temperatures. For this purpose, flower buds from which pollen was collected and sprayed on plates containing the three evaluated culture medium: M1 - agar and sucrose; M2 - agar, sucrose and H3BO3; M3 - agar, sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3), MgSO4 and KNO3; and two incubation temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). Data was subjected to analysis of variance after its transformation to square root and means were compared by Fisher’s test (LSD). For the three species, the temperature of 30 ºC provided the highest percentage of pollen grain germination. For A. integerrima, M1 and M3 promoted the highest germination percentages (40.7 % and 56.5 %, respectively). On the other hand, for C. aurea, M2 provided the highest germination average (43.7 %). At last for S. punicea, M3 was the one that provided the highest average (31.62 %). It was concluded that the evaluated species differ in micronutrient requirements for in vitro germination of pollen grains. The temperature of 30 °C was suitable for all three species.The aim of this work was to verify the in vitro germination of pollen grains of Angelonia integerrima L., Campomanesia aurea O. Berg and Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth in different culture medium and temperatures. For this purpose, flower buds from which pollen was collected and sprayed on plates containing the three evaluated culture medium: M1 - agar and sucrose; M2 - agar, sucrose and H3BO3; M3 - agar, sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3), MgSO4 and KNO3; and two incubation temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). Data was subjected to analysis of variance after its transformation to square root and means were compared by Fisher’s test (LSD). For the three species, the temperature of 30 ºC provided the highest percentage of pollen grain germination. For A. integerrima, M1 and M3 promoted the highest germination percentages (40.7 % and 56.5 %, respectively). On the other hand, for C. aurea, M2 provided the highest germination average (43.7 %). At last for S. punicea, M3 was the one that provided the highest average (31.62 %). It was concluded that the evaluated species differ in micronutrient requirements for in vitro germination of pollen grains. The temperature of 30 °C was suitable for all three species

Limpeza clonal e multiplicação in vitro de Angelonia integerrima Sprengel

The objective of this study is to test stem apex sizes in the in vitro establishing of Angelonia integerrima in order to obtain explants without by fungi and bacteria contamination for further multiplications. The treatments consisted of different stem apex sizes (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0 mm). At 45 and 90 days of cultivation, a count of contaminated explants and a count of shoots per explant formed were performed. In a second experiment, explants were cultivated in a medium containing different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg L-1). After 56 days of cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: shoot length, shoot fresh mass and number of shoots. During the explant establishment phase (45 days), only stem apexes with 1.0 mm in size were not contaminated. However, in the second subculture (at 90 days), only shoots from initial explants, with 7 mm in size or larger, were contaminated. Regarding multiplication, the presence of BAP showed a positive linear behavior for all variables. It is possible to obtain A. integerrima seedlings free of contamination in vitro by fungi and bacteria, using initial explants less than or equal to 5 mm. IBA provided a linear increment for the multiplication of this species

Avaliação quali-quantitativa da arborização urbana de praças e vias públicas

The urban afforestation is important for the life quality of the populations, however, good planning is required, in order to avoid problems that cause interference with urban elements and biological invasion. This study aimed to perform a quantitative and qualitative survey of the urban trees in squares and main routes of Tenente Portela, RS. Five squares and the six busiest routes in the municipality were inventoried through a census, by analyzing every individual shrub and tree. A total of 743 individual plants belonging to 67 species and 27 botanical families were found, with Ligustrum lucidum being the most abundant species (20.46%). The most abundant family was Bignoniaceae (27%). The mean height and circumference at breast height of the species were, respectively, 5.95 m and 67 cm. Regarding interference, 30% of individuals had canopies interfering with pedestrian or vehicles passages, and 33.8% of trees were damaging the sidewalks due to root outcrops. The general condition of the 455 plants was considered good and 50% of the total was growing under concrete pavement. Although major problems related to the quality of individual plants were not detected, a better planning of afforestation in urban area is necessary and it is expected that the results observed in this study can assist the municipal government in this planning.A arborização urbana é importante para a qualidade de vida das populações, porém deve ser bem planejada, a fim de evitar problemas que causem interferência nos elementos urbanos e invasão biológica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento quantitativo e qualitativo da arborização urbana das praças e principais vias no município de Tenente Portela, RS. Foram inventariadas as cinco praças existentes no município e as seis vias mais movimentadas, por meio de um censo, analisandose todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos. Foram encontrados 743 indivíduos distribuídos em 67 espécies e 27 famílias botânicas, sendo Ligustrum lucidum a espécie mais abundante (20,46%). Entre as famílias, destacou-se Bignoniaceae (27%). A média da altura e da circunferência na altura do peito das espécies foram, respectivamente, de 5,95 m e 67 cm. Em relação às interferências, 30% dos indivíduos tinham a copa interferindo na passagem de pedestres e/ou, veículos, e 33,8% dos indivíduos estavam prejudicando as calçadas devido ao afloramento de raízes. O estado geral dos 455 indivíduos incluídos no inventário era bom e 50% do total estavam plantadas sob o pavimento de concreto. Embora não tenham sido detectados grandes problemas relacionados à qualidade dos indivíduos, é necessário o melhor planejamento da arborização e espera-se que os resultados possam auxiliar o poder público neste planejamento

Potencial da acícula de Pinus elliottii Engelm. como condicionador de substrato para produção do porta-enxerto de citros “Fepagro C37 Reck”

The production of citrus seedlings in protected environment requires a large amount of substrate, which must have adequate physical and chemical characteristics. The use of acidic conditioners, such as Pinus needles mixed with alkaline substrates, allows the cultivation of seedlings with better quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the development of the “Fepagro C37 Reck” rootstock grown in different alkaline commercial substrate mixtures (Humosolo ES®) with Pinus elliottii needles. The experiment was carried out by testing alkaline substrate mixed with 5-month old of decomposition Pinus needles in situ decomposition and two granulometry sizes, 3.5 and 8.0 mm. The mixtures were performed in proportions between the needles with the Humosolo, (v / v) 0%; 25%; 50%; 75% and 100%. Expanded cellular polystyrene trays were used to accommodate the mixtures and seeding of the rootstock. Physical and chemical evaluateons of the mixtures were carried out, as well as the development of the seedlings. The use of Pinus needles acidified the substrate Humosolo ES®, reduced its electrical conductivity and increased the percentage of porous space of the mixtures and reduced water retention. The treatments containing 25 and 50% of the Pinus needles mixture, regardless of the granulometry, provide greater development of rootstock plants “Fepagro C37 Reck”.A produção de mudas de citros em ambiente protegido demanda grande quantidade de substrato, o qual deve apresentar características físicas e químicas adequadas. O uso de condicionadores ácidos, como acículas de Pinus, em mistura com substratos alcalinos, possibilita o cultivo de mudas com maior qualidade. O objetivo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento do porta-enxerto “Fepagro C37 Reck” cultivado em diferentes misturas do substrato comercial alcalino (Humosolo ES®) com acículas de Pinus elliottii. O experimento foi realizado testando misturas entre o substrato alcalino e acículas de Pinus com cinco meses de decomposição in situ e em duas granulometrias: 3,5 e 8,0 mm. As misturas foram realizadas em proporções entre as acículas com o Humosolo, (v/v) de 0%; 25%; 50%; 75% e 100%. Utilizaram-se bandejas alveoladas de poliestireno expandido para acomodação das misturas e semeadura do porta-enxerto. Realizaram-se avaliações físicas e químicas das misturas, bem como do desenvolvimento das mudas. A utilização de acícula de Pinus acidificou o substrato Humosolo ES®, reduziu sua condutividade elétrica e tornou as misturas com maior porcentagem de espaço poroso e menor retenção de água. Os tratamentos contendo mistura de 25 e 50% de acícula, indiferentemente da granulometria, proporcionam maior desenvolvimento de plantas do porta-enxerto “Fepagro C37 Reck”

Method for the physical characterization of substrates using centrifugation

The characterization of substrate properties supports the correct choice of components and directs management decisions in container cultivation. There are several systems of analysis, however, the routine procedures to determine the water retention curve (WRC) are time consuming and inaccurate. This study proposed a reproducible, less time- consuming, and easy to perform method for physical characterization of substrates. We used Sphagnum peat, coconut powder, carbonized rice husk, expanded vermiculite, and expanded clay in isolation. The WRC was obtained at tensions 0, 10, 50, and 100 hPa using the method of Büchner funnel, the European standard (CEN-EN13041), and by the centrifugation method of samples. In centrifugation, tensions were simulated by combining the angular velocity, sample height, and radius measured from the sample outermost point to the central point of the centrifuge. Three rotations were applied (230; 520 and 730 rpm), testing the centrifugation time for each tension and then the volumetric water content was compared between the methods. The results showed a positive correlation (p < 0.001) between the centrifugation and standard methods, considering that the centrifugation time required for moisture stabilization varied according to the material analyzed and the tension applied. However, the time required to obtain a report was reduced by half. Sample centrifugation is a promising method, ensuring that the tensile force actually acts on the entire sample to determine the water retention curve of the substrate also reducing the duration of the analyses

Propagação vegetativa de uma espécie endêmica do bioma Pampa.

The definition of vegetative propagation methodologies is an alternative for the preservation of endangered native species with potential for economic exploitation, as Hesperozygis ringens. Thus, this study aims to verify the possibility of propagating this species through cutting, testing different substrates and types of cuttings, and comparing the propagation through cuttings obtained from atock plants in a greenhouse and directly in the field. Apical and non-apical cuttings, 6.0cm long, obtained from material from the field and greenhouse, were propagated in trays containing carbonized rice husk and a mixture of carbonized rice husk with coconut fiber powder (2:1, v/v) as substrates. Completely randomized blocks were used in a 2x2 factorial design, with four replicates of 10 cuttings. The plantlets production of H. ringens by cutting is feasible, since it presents a high rooting percentage even when propagules are collected in plants of populations in situ. However, when collected from plants in a greenhouse, the root system of plantlets presents a higher quality than that obtained in field, making possible the production and establishment of plantlets in greenhouses