Reconceptualizing the Republic: Diversity and Education in France, 1945–2008

Since the nineteenth century, France, not unlike the United States, has experienced significant immigration and, as a result, great flux. Yet, the French public discourse and policy instruments concerned with ethnic and racial diversities evolved in sharp contrast to those in the United States. Whereas U.S. nation-building incorporated the recognition of ethnoracial identities, with all of its trials and tribulations, the French nation's trajectory assumed a unitary form. Recent developments, however, point to changes in the Republic's projection of its identity and its citizenry. An analysis of school teaching finds that the Republic is now re-envisioned as open and tolerant of diversity, though more from a universalistic, normative perspective—increasingly indexed at the transnational level—than from a perspective that privileges France's immigrant and colonial past. </jats:p

Herman Jan Phaff: professor, mentor, friend and colleague

Herman Jan Phaff, the father of yeast ecology, was born in the Netherlands in 1913. In his early years, he spent much time in his family’s winery, which sparked his interest in microbes. Trained in the famous Delft tradition, Phaff discovered many unrecognized ecological niches of yeast, such as shellfish, rabbit stomach, frass of bark beetles, tree exudates, cactus roots, Capri figs, sewage, Drosophila flies and shrimp. He is also remembered for his pioneering work on the coevolution of yeasts, insects and plants as well as for his work on yeast β-glucanase, which resulted in major advances in the understanding of the nature of the yeast cell wall. Phaff’s legacy includes research on pectin degradation by fungal enzymes and the application of molecular approaches to yeast systematics. He discovered and described many yeasts, such as the yeast named in his honor, Phaffia rhodozyma, which led to the establishment of a very important industrial fermentation process yielding high concentrations of the pigment astaxanthin, used throughout the world to provide a natural source of this important carotenoid

Induction of microbial secondary metabolism

Precursors often stimulate production of secondary metabolites either by increasing the amount of a limiting precursor, by inducing a biosynthetic enzyme (synthase) or both. These are usually amino acids but other small molecules also function as inducers. The most well-known are the auto-inducers which include γ-butyrolactones (butanolides) of the actinomycetes, N-acylhomoserine lactones of Gram-negative bacteria, oligopeptides of Gram-positive bacteria, and B-factor (3’-[1-butylphosphoryl] adenosine) of Amycolatopsis mediterranei. The actinomycete butanolides exert their effects via receptor proteins which normally repress chemical and morphological differentiation (secondary metabolism and differentiation into aerial mycelia and spores respectively) but, when complexed with the butanolide, can no longer function. Homoserine lactones of Gram-negative bacteria function at high cell density and are structurally related to the butanolides. They turn on plant and animal virulence, light emission, plasmid transfer, and production of pigments, cyanide and β-lactam antibiotics. They are made by enzymes homologous to Lux1, excreted by the cell, enter other cells at high density, bind to a LuxR homologue, the complex then binding to DNA upstream of genes controlled by “quorum sensing” and turning on their expression. Quorum sensing also operates in the case of the peptide pheromones of the Gram-positive bacteria. Here, secretion is accomplished by an ATP binding casette (ABC transporter), the secreted pheromone being recognized by a sensor component of a two-component signal transduction system. The pheromone often induces its own synthesis as well as those proteins involved in protein/peptide antibiotic (including bacteriocins and lantibiotics) production, virulence and genetic competence. The B-factor of A. mediterranei is an inducer of ansamycin (rifamycin) formation

Genetic Regulation of fermentation organisms : fermentation, regulation, antibiotics

An effective fermentation organism is a wasteful creature that overproduces and excretes its metabolic intermediates and end products. Cultures obtained from screening programs usually possess subnormal regulatory controls. Development programs to increase product formation modify the residual control mechanisms so that the culture's "inefficiency" is increased. For production of primary metabolites, feedback inhibition and repression must be bypassed. This is usually accomplished by limiting the intracellular concentration of feedback inhibitors and repressors. Auxotrophic mutants and analogue resistant mutants are most often used for this purpose. Development of fermentations for secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, is less rational because of our ignorance of the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory controls involved. However, evidence is accumulating that such fermentations are subject to (a) feedback regulation by the idiolite itself, (b)feedback regulation by primary metabolites that share a branched pathway with the secondary metabolite, (c) feedback regulation by inorganic phosphate, (d) catabolite regulation by rapidly utilized carbon sources, (e) induction by primary metabolites, and (f) ATP regulation. Secondary metabolites are not usually formed during growth because the enzymes of secondary metabolism are repressed during the trophophase. We have no clear idea about the type of repression control, but it probably involves growth rate as well as the factors mentioned above. Since the controls discussed above are genetically determined, mutations to increase productivity have been useful to the fermentation industry for over 30 years. Although such strain improvement programs usually involve random screening of survivors of mutagenesis, some recent progress has been made in the application of more rational screening procedures. Mutants are also used to change the spectrum of metabolites, to produce new antibiotics, and to elucidate the pathways of secondary metabolism. Extensive research is now taking place on the genetic mapping of antibiotic-producing microorganisms, especially actinomycetes. The model for this work is the genetic map of Streptomyces coelicolor, and the maps of more recently examined actinomycetes ,including Nocardia, appear to be similar. At least four of the genes of methylenomycin A production in S. coelicolorare plasmid-bound.ARNOLD L. DEMAIN, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Fungal biotechnology

Fungi are used in many industrial processes, such as the production of enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, polyhydric alcohols, pigments, lipids, and glycolipids. Some of these products are produced commercially while others are potentially valuable in biotechnology. Fungal secondary metabolites are extremely important to our health and nutrition and have tremendous economic impact. In addition to the multiple reaction sequences of fermentations, fungi are extremely useful in carrying out biotransformation processes. These are becoming essential to the fine-chemical industry in the production of single-isomer intermediates. Recombinant DNA technology, which includes yeasts and other fungi as hosts, has markedly increased markets for microbial enzymes. Molecular manipulations have been added to mutational techniques as a means of increasing titers and yields of microbial processes and in the discovery of new drugs. Today, fungal biology is a major participant in global industry. Moreover, the best is yet to come as genomes of additional species are sequenced at some level (cDNA, complete genomes, expressed sequence tags) and gene and protein arrays become available

Stroke self-management: a focus group study to identify the factors influencing self-management following stroke.

BACKGROUND: Self-management refers to the strategies, decisions and activities individuals take to manage a long-term health condition. Self-management has potential importance for reducing both the personal and health service impact of illness. Stroke represents a significant health and social burden, however there is a lack of clarity about the factors that support successful self-management following stroke. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to investigate the factors which facilitate or hinder stroke self-management from the patients' perspective. DESIGN: Nested qualitative exploratory phase within a mixed-methods paradigm. Data were analysed thematically using Analytic Induction to guide development of themes. SETTING: Participants had experienced a stroke and were recruited from rural and urban community stroke support groups based in the South of England. METHOD: Five focus groups (n=28) using a semi-structured interview guide were conducted. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. FINDINGS: The term 'self-management' was unfamiliar to participants. On further exploration, participants described how self-management activities were helped or hindered. Self-management was viewed as an important, unavoidable feature of life after stroke. Three key themes identified from the data affect stroke self-management: Individual capacity; support for self-management and self-management environment. People following stroke reported feeling ill-prepared to self-manage. The self-management support needs of patients following stroke are currently often unmet. CONCLUSION: Successful stroke self-management consists of features which may be modifiable at the individual level, in addition to the presence of external support and an environment which supports and facilitates people following stroke to self-manage. These findings extend current conceptualisations of stroke self-management

Fibroma Causing Compartment Syndrome in NCAA Division I Athlete

Please enjoy Volume 6, Issue 1 of the JSMAHS. In this issue, you will find Professional, Graduate, and Undergraduate research abstracts, and case reports. Thank you for viewing this 6th Annual OATA Special Edition

The application, character, and effectiveness of person-centred care with service-users, and the community within the discipline of podiatry: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The concept of person-centred care is embedded within healthcare policy, focusing on long-term conditions and multimorbidity. The evidence that person-centred care is being operationalised effectively across all areas of healthcare is limited. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the application, features, and effectiveness of person-centred care with service-users, carers, and the community within podiatry. METHODS: The scoping review was based upon Arksey and Malley's five stage framework. The following databases were searched between January 2010 and March 2021: AMED, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane library, SocINDEX, British Education Index, Business Source Complete, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and the EThOS 'Global electronic thesis and dissertation' repository, Prospero, and reference lists of included papers. Primary research articles were included if they reported on a person-centred care focused intervention with podiatry. Research terms were developed, appropriate databases identified, and an initial search resulted in 622 papers which, following removal of duplicates and critical appraisal, resulted in 18 eligible papers. Data extracted involved the types of person-centred care utilised, intervention details, motivations for engaging in person-centred care interventions, and intervention barriers and challenges. RESULTS: Eighteen articles were included in the review. The main type of person-centred care utilised was patient/carer activities around self-management. None of the studies considered the role of the podiatrist as a person-centred care agent. The data on interventions generated the following themes 'service facilitated person-centred care' where a change has been made to service delivery, 'direct clinician delivery' where the intervention is delivered by the clinician with the patient present and 'patient instigated participation' where patient motivation is required to engage with an activity beyond the consultation. Outcome measures associated with quality of care and effectiveness were absent. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of congruency between the concept of person-centred care and how it is operationalised. A whole system approach that considers commissioning, organisational leadership, the role of the practitioners and patients has not been considered. There is immense scope for the podiatrist to play an important part in the personalised-care agenda, but currently research that can evidence the effectiveness of person-centred care in podiatry is absent. REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework ( osf.io/egjsd )