2,380 research outputs found
Evaluation de la prise en charge des femmes de plus de 30 ans avec un diagnostic de L-SIL du col de l'utérus en vigueur depuis 2009 au CHUV
Introduction : Les lésions malpighiennes intraépithéliales de bas grade (LSIL) sont un diagnostic rencontré fréquemment lors des frottis de dépistage du cancer du col utérin. Leur prise en charge reste controversée. Au CHUV, avant 2009, un test HPV était effectué chez toutes les femmes avec un diagnostic de L-SIL et seules les patientes avec un test HPV positif pour les hauts risques (HR) étaient adressées en colposcopie. Actuellement, suivant les guidelines européennes de 2006, l'attitude est de faire une colposcopie à toutes les patientes avec un diagnostic initial de L-SIL, sans faire préalablement un test HPV. Cette démarche semble efficiente chez les jeunes patientes, mais pas chez les plus de 30 ans chez qui la prévalence de tests HPV HR positifs est inférieure. Plus de 40% des femmes de plus de 30 ans seraient référées inutilement en colposcopie car elles ne seraient pas infectées par un HPV HR et n'auraient pas de risque d'évolution de leur L-SIL vers une lésion de haut grade.
Buts : Comparer les deux différentes prises en charge des femmes de plus de 30 ans présentant un diagnostic de L-SIL, soit celle qui était en vigueur au CHUV avant 2009 et la prise en charge actuelle. Etudier le rÎle et l'utilité du test HPV et de la colposcopie dans le suivi de ces femmes.
Méthode : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective, monocentrique. Nous avons étudié le dossier de toutes les femmes de plus de 30 ans ayant eu une cytologie avec un diagnostic initial de L-SIL du col de l'utérus au CHUV entre le 01.01.09 et le 31.12.10, soit 61 patientes.
Résultats : Parmi les 61 femmes inclues dans notre étude 60 ont eu un test HPV effectué lors du diagnostic de L-SIL, dont seuls 29 (48,33%) étaient positifs pour les hauts risques. Comparé aux femmes avec test HPV négatif pour HR, les femmes positives pour HPV HR ont eu un taux inférieur d'évolution spontanément résolutive de leur lésion et un taux supérieur de conisation ou vaporisation du col. Cinq des femmes inclues dans l'étude ont eu une évolution de leurs lésions vers une pathologie plus avancée, dont 4 vers un CIN2 et 1 vers un CIN3. Ces cinq cas étaient positifs pour HPV HR.
Conclusion : Les nouvelles guidelines en vigueur au CHUV concernant la prise en charge des femmes avec diagnostic de L-SIL n'Ă©taient pas encore appliquĂ©es en 2010, en effet le test HPV a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© chez presque la totalitĂ© de ces patientes. Ces nouvelles guidelines ne semblent pas ĂȘtre applicables aux femmes de plus de 30 ans, chez qui la prĂ©valence du HPV HR est infĂ©rieure, et qui risquent alors de subir des examens complĂ©mentaires invasifs, sans qu'il y ait de rĂ©el bĂ©nĂ©fice sur le pronostic de leur pathologie
High resolution imaging of young M-type stars of the solar neighborhood: Probing the existence of companions down to the mass of Jupiter
Context. High contrast imaging is a powerful technique to search for gas
giant planets and brown dwarfs orbiting at separation larger than several AU.
Around solar-type stars, giant planets are expected to form by core accretion
or by gravitational instability, but since core accretion is increasingly
difficult as the primary star becomes lighter, gravitational instability would
be the a probable formation scenario for yet-to-be-found distant giant planets
around a low-mass star. A systematic survey for such planets around M dwarfs
would therefore provide a direct test of the efficiency of gravitational
instability. Aims. We search for gas giant planets orbiting around late-type
stars and brown dwarfs of the solar neighborhood. Methods. We obtained deep
high resolution images of 16 targets with the adaptive optic system of VLT-NACO
in the Lp band, using direct imaging and angular differential imaging. This is
currently the largest and deepest survey for Jupiter-mass planets around
Mdwarfs. We developed and used an integrated reduction and analysis pipeline to
reduce the images and derive our 2D detection limits for each target. The
typical contrast achieved is about 9 magnitudes at 0.5" and 11 magnitudes
beyond 1". For each target we also determine the probability of detecting a
planet of a given mass at a given separation in our images. Results. We derived
accurate detection probabilities for planetary companions, taking into account
orbital projection effects, with in average more than 50% probability to detect
a 3MJup companion at 10AU and a 1.5MJup companion at 20AU, bringing strong
constraints on the existence of Jupiter-mass planets around this sample of
young M-dwarfs.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
Elaboration de surfaces nano/micro-structurĂ©es pour limiter lâadhĂ©sion de micro-organismes
Avec plus dâun million de dispositifs posĂ©s par an dans le monde, lâutilisation des chambres implantables sâest maintenant gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e pour le traitement de certains cancers. ConstituĂ©es dâun rĂ©servoir de quelques dixiĂšmes de microlitres, le plus souvent en titane, reliĂ© Ă un cathĂ©ter dont lâextrĂ©mitĂ© est placĂ©e dans une veine Ă fort dĂ©bit, ils permettent de dĂ©livrer un traitement de chimiothĂ©rapie avec un confort augmentĂ© pour le patient. Ces dispositifs permettent aussi le cas Ă©chĂ©ant dâapporter une nutrition parentĂ©rale. Cette derniĂšre utilisation provoque de nombreuses infections, qui conduisent dans la plupart des cas au retrait du dispositif.
Afin de rĂ©duire le risque de contamination, il est donc nĂ©cessaire de mieux comprendre les facteurs favorisant lâadhĂ©rence des micro-organismes (bactĂ©ries et levures) dans ces dispositifs mĂ©dicaux invasifs et leur colonisation ultĂ©rieure.
Dans le cadre du projet régional MAT-INNO, nos travaux de recherche visent à mieux
comprendre lâimpact des propriĂ©tĂ©s de surface (en termes de topographie, hydrophobicitĂ© et fonctionnalisation) sur lâadhĂ©sion de bactĂ©ries et de levures. En agissant sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s physiques et/ou chimiques de surface, nous espĂ©rons rĂ©duire les capacitĂ©s d\u27adhĂ©rence des micro-organismes et ainsi limiter le risque d\u27infection. Les Ă©tudes actuelles sont rĂ©alisĂ©es sur des substrats de silicium sur lesquels est dĂ©posĂ©e une couche mince nanomĂ©trique dâoxyde de titane.
Nos efforts portent, dans un premier temps, sur la maĂźtrise de la topographie de surface Ă lâĂ©chelle nanomĂ©trique et micromĂ©trique, notamment par la mise au point de procĂ©dĂ©s de fabrication reproductibles. Lâutilisation de la pulvĂ©risation cathodique sur les supports de silicium ultra-lisses permet dâobtenir des surfaces dâoxyde de titane ayant des rugositĂ©s infĂ©rieures au nanomĂštre. De plus, lâattaque du silicium par lâhydroxyde de potassium permet de modifier la topographie des surfaces avant le dĂ©pĂŽt de films minces dâoxyde de titane. Nous prĂ©sentons sur le poster les rĂ©sultats obtenus rĂ©cemment par microscopie Ă force atomique et par microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă balayage sur les diffĂ©rents types de surface. Lâanalyse des courbes de rĂ©flectivitĂ© des rayons X nous a permis de dĂ©terminer prĂ©cisĂ©ment lâĂ©paisseur des films dĂ©posĂ©s et de suivre les modifications de la composition chimique suivant les paramĂštres appliquĂ©s
Signal Transmission Across Tile Assemblies: 3D Static Tiles Simulate Active Self-Assembly by 2D Signal-Passing Tiles
The 2-Handed Assembly Model (2HAM) is a tile-based self-assembly model in
which, typically beginning from single tiles, arbitrarily large aggregations of
static tiles combine in pairs to form structures. The Signal-passing Tile
Assembly Model (STAM) is an extension of the 2HAM in which the tiles are
dynamically changing components which are able to alter their binding domains
as they bind together. For our first result, we demonstrate useful techniques
and transformations for converting an arbitrarily complex STAM tile set
into an STAM tile set where every tile has a constant, low amount of
complexity, in terms of the number and types of ``signals'' they can send, with
a trade off in scale factor.
Using these simplifications, we prove that for each temperature
there exists a 3D tile set in the 2HAM which is intrinsically universal for the
class of all 2D STAM systems at temperature (where the STAM does
not make use of the STAM's power of glue deactivation and assembly breaking, as
the tile components of the 2HAM are static and unable to change or break
bonds). This means that there is a single tile set in the 3D 2HAM which
can, for an arbitrarily complex STAM system , be configured with a
single input configuration which causes to exactly simulate at a scale
factor dependent upon . Furthermore, this simulation uses only two planes of
the third dimension. This implies that there exists a 3D tile set at
temperature in the 2HAM which is intrinsically universal for the class of
all 2D STAM systems at temperature . Moreover, we show that for each
temperature there exists an STAM tile set which is intrinsically
universal for the class of all 2D STAM systems at temperature ,
including the case where .Comment: A condensed version of this paper will appear in a special issue of
Natural Computing for papers from DNA 19. This full version contains proofs
not seen in the published versio
Multiblock High Order Large Eddy Simulation of Powered Fontan Hemodynamics: Towards Computational Surgery
Children born with only one functional ventricle must typically undergo a series of three surgeries to obtain the so-called Fontan circulation in which the blood coming from the body passively flows from the Vena Cavae (VCs) to the Pulmonary Arteries (PAs) through the Total Cavopulmonary Connection (TCPC). The circulation is inherently inefficient due to the lack of a subpulmonary ventricle. Survivors face the risk of circulatory sequelae and eventual failure for the duration of their lives. Current efforts are focused on improving the outcomes of Fontan palliation, either passively by optimizing the TCPC, or actively by using mechanical support. We are working on a chronic implant that would be placed at the junction of the TCPC, and would provide the necessary pressure augmentation to re-establish a circulation that recapitulates a normal two-ventricle circulation. This implant is based on the Von Karman viscous pump and consists of a vaned impeller that rotates inside the TCPC. To evaluate the performance of such a device, and to study the flow features induced by the presence of the pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used. CFD has become an important tool to understand hemodynamics owing to the possibility of simulating quickly a large number of designs and flow conditions without any harm for patients. The transitional and unsteady nature of the flow can make accurate simulations challenging. We developed and in-house high order Large Eddy Simulation (LES) solver coupled to a recent Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) to handle complex geometries. Multiblock capability is added to the solver to allow for efficient simulations of complex patient specific geometries. Blood simulations are performed in a complex patient specific TCPC geometry. In this study, simulations without mechanical assist are performed, as well as after virtual implantation of the temporary and chronic implants being developed. Instantaneous flow structures, hepatic factor distribution, and statistical data are presented for all three cases
Discovery of a probable 4-5 Jupiter-mass exoplanet to HD 95086 by direct-imaging
Direct imaging has just started the inventory of the population of gas giant
planets on wide-orbits around young stars in the solar neighborhood. Following
this approach, we carried out a deep imaging survey in the near-infrared using
VLT/NaCo to search for substellar companions. We report here the discovery in
L' (3.8 microns) images of a probable companion orbiting at 56 AU the young
(10-17 Myr), dusty, and early-type (A8) star HD 95086. This discovery is based
on observations with more than a year-time-lapse. Our first epoch clearly
revealed the source at 10 sigma while our second epoch lacked good observing
conditions hence yielding a 3 sigma detection. Various tests were thus made to
rule out possible artifacts. This recovery is consistent with the signal at the
first epoch but requires cleaner confirmation. Nevertheless, our astrometric
precision suggests the companion to be comoving with the star, with a 3 sigma
confidence level. The planetary nature of the source is reinforced by a
non-detection in Ks-band (2.18 microns) images according to its possible
extremely red Ks - L' color. Conversely, background contamination is rejected
with good confidence level. The luminosity yields a predicted mass of about
4-5MJup (at 10-17 Myr) using "hot-start" evolutionary models, making HD 95086 b
the exoplanet with the lowest mass ever imaged around a star.Comment: accepted for publication to APJ
On the generalized Davenport constant and the Noether number
Known results on the generalized Davenport constant related to zero-sum
sequences over a finite abelian group are extended to the generalized Noether
number related to the rings of polynomial invariants of an arbitrary finite
group. An improved general upper bound is given on the degrees of polynomial
invariants of a non-cyclic finite group which cut out the zero vector.Comment: 14 page
Revealing Hidden Potentials of the q-Space Signal in Breast Cancer
Mammography screening for early detection of breast lesions currently suffers
from high amounts of false positive findings, which result in unnecessary
invasive biopsies. Diffusion-weighted MR images (DWI) can help to reduce many
of these false-positive findings prior to biopsy. Current approaches estimate
tissue properties by means of quantitative parameters taken from generative,
biophysical models fit to the q-space encoded signal under certain assumptions
regarding noise and spatial homogeneity. This process is prone to fitting
instability and partial information loss due to model simplicity. We reveal
unexplored potentials of the signal by integrating all data processing
components into a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that is
designed to propagate clinical target information down to the raw input images.
This approach enables simultaneous and target-specific optimization of image
normalization, signal exploitation, global representation learning and
classification. Using a multicentric data set of 222 patients, we demonstrate
that our approach significantly improves clinical decision making with respect
to the current state of the art.Comment: Accepted conference paper at MICCAI 201
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