2,380 research outputs found

    Evaluation de la prise en charge des femmes de plus de 30 ans avec un diagnostic de L-SIL du col de l'utérus en vigueur depuis 2009 au CHUV

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    Introduction : Les lĂ©sions malpighiennes intraĂ©pithĂ©liales de bas grade (LSIL) sont un diagnostic rencontrĂ© frĂ©quemment lors des frottis de dĂ©pistage du cancer du col utĂ©rin. Leur prise en charge reste controversĂ©e. Au CHUV, avant 2009, un test HPV Ă©tait effectuĂ© chez toutes les femmes avec un diagnostic de L-SIL et seules les patientes avec un test HPV positif pour les hauts risques (HR) Ă©taient adressĂ©es en colposcopie. Actuellement, suivant les guidelines europĂ©ennes de 2006, l'attitude est de faire une colposcopie Ă  toutes les patientes avec un diagnostic initial de L-SIL, sans faire prĂ©alablement un test HPV. Cette dĂ©marche semble efficiente chez les jeunes patientes, mais pas chez les plus de 30 ans chez qui la prĂ©valence de tests HPV HR positifs est infĂ©rieure. Plus de 40% des femmes de plus de 30 ans seraient rĂ©fĂ©rĂ©es inutilement en colposcopie car elles ne seraient pas infectĂ©es par un HPV HR et n'auraient pas de risque d'Ă©volution de leur L-SIL vers une lĂ©sion de haut grade. Buts : Comparer les deux diffĂ©rentes prises en charge des femmes de plus de 30 ans prĂ©sentant un diagnostic de L-SIL, soit celle qui Ă©tait en vigueur au CHUV avant 2009 et la prise en charge actuelle. Etudier le rĂŽle et l'utilitĂ© du test HPV et de la colposcopie dans le suivi de ces femmes. MĂ©thode : Il s'agit d'une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective, monocentrique. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le dossier de toutes les femmes de plus de 30 ans ayant eu une cytologie avec un diagnostic initial de L-SIL du col de l'utĂ©rus au CHUV entre le 01.01.09 et le 31.12.10, soit 61 patientes. RĂ©sultats : Parmi les 61 femmes inclues dans notre Ă©tude 60 ont eu un test HPV effectuĂ© lors du diagnostic de L-SIL, dont seuls 29 (48,33%) Ă©taient positifs pour les hauts risques. ComparĂ© aux femmes avec test HPV nĂ©gatif pour HR, les femmes positives pour HPV HR ont eu un taux infĂ©rieur d'Ă©volution spontanĂ©ment rĂ©solutive de leur lĂ©sion et un taux supĂ©rieur de conisation ou vaporisation du col. Cinq des femmes inclues dans l'Ă©tude ont eu une Ă©volution de leurs lĂ©sions vers une pathologie plus avancĂ©e, dont 4 vers un CIN2 et 1 vers un CIN3. Ces cinq cas Ă©taient positifs pour HPV HR. Conclusion : Les nouvelles guidelines en vigueur au CHUV concernant la prise en charge des femmes avec diagnostic de L-SIL n'Ă©taient pas encore appliquĂ©es en 2010, en effet le test HPV a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© chez presque la totalitĂ© de ces patientes. Ces nouvelles guidelines ne semblent pas ĂȘtre applicables aux femmes de plus de 30 ans, chez qui la prĂ©valence du HPV HR est infĂ©rieure, et qui risquent alors de subir des examens complĂ©mentaires invasifs, sans qu'il y ait de rĂ©el bĂ©nĂ©fice sur le pronostic de leur pathologie

    High resolution imaging of young M-type stars of the solar neighborhood: Probing the existence of companions down to the mass of Jupiter

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    Context. High contrast imaging is a powerful technique to search for gas giant planets and brown dwarfs orbiting at separation larger than several AU. Around solar-type stars, giant planets are expected to form by core accretion or by gravitational instability, but since core accretion is increasingly difficult as the primary star becomes lighter, gravitational instability would be the a probable formation scenario for yet-to-be-found distant giant planets around a low-mass star. A systematic survey for such planets around M dwarfs would therefore provide a direct test of the efficiency of gravitational instability. Aims. We search for gas giant planets orbiting around late-type stars and brown dwarfs of the solar neighborhood. Methods. We obtained deep high resolution images of 16 targets with the adaptive optic system of VLT-NACO in the Lp band, using direct imaging and angular differential imaging. This is currently the largest and deepest survey for Jupiter-mass planets around Mdwarfs. We developed and used an integrated reduction and analysis pipeline to reduce the images and derive our 2D detection limits for each target. The typical contrast achieved is about 9 magnitudes at 0.5" and 11 magnitudes beyond 1". For each target we also determine the probability of detecting a planet of a given mass at a given separation in our images. Results. We derived accurate detection probabilities for planetary companions, taking into account orbital projection effects, with in average more than 50% probability to detect a 3MJup companion at 10AU and a 1.5MJup companion at 20AU, bringing strong constraints on the existence of Jupiter-mass planets around this sample of young M-dwarfs.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&

    Elaboration de surfaces nano/micro-structurĂ©es pour limiter l’adhĂ©sion de micro-organismes

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    Avec plus d’un million de dispositifs posĂ©s par an dans le monde, l’utilisation des chambres implantables s’est maintenant gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e pour le traitement de certains cancers. ConstituĂ©es d’un rĂ©servoir de quelques dixiĂšmes de microlitres, le plus souvent en titane, reliĂ© Ă  un cathĂ©ter dont l’extrĂ©mitĂ© est placĂ©e dans une veine Ă  fort dĂ©bit, ils permettent de dĂ©livrer un traitement de chimiothĂ©rapie avec un confort augmentĂ© pour le patient. Ces dispositifs permettent aussi le cas Ă©chĂ©ant d’apporter une nutrition parentĂ©rale. Cette derniĂšre utilisation provoque de nombreuses infections, qui conduisent dans la plupart des cas au retrait du dispositif. Afin de rĂ©duire le risque de contamination, il est donc nĂ©cessaire de mieux comprendre les facteurs favorisant l’adhĂ©rence des micro-organismes (bactĂ©ries et levures) dans ces dispositifs mĂ©dicaux invasifs et leur colonisation ultĂ©rieure. Dans le cadre du projet rĂ©gional MAT-INNO, nos travaux de recherche visent Ă  mieux comprendre l’impact des propriĂ©tĂ©s de surface (en termes de topographie, hydrophobicitĂ© et fonctionnalisation) sur l’adhĂ©sion de bactĂ©ries et de levures. En agissant sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s physiques et/ou chimiques de surface, nous espĂ©rons rĂ©duire les capacitĂ©s d\u27adhĂ©rence des micro-organismes et ainsi limiter le risque d\u27infection. Les Ă©tudes actuelles sont rĂ©alisĂ©es sur des substrats de silicium sur lesquels est dĂ©posĂ©e une couche mince nanomĂ©trique d’oxyde de titane. Nos efforts portent, dans un premier temps, sur la maĂźtrise de la topographie de surface Ă  l’échelle nanomĂ©trique et micromĂ©trique, notamment par la mise au point de procĂ©dĂ©s de fabrication reproductibles. L’utilisation de la pulvĂ©risation cathodique sur les supports de silicium ultra-lisses permet d’obtenir des surfaces d’oxyde de titane ayant des rugositĂ©s infĂ©rieures au nanomĂštre. De plus, l’attaque du silicium par l’hydroxyde de potassium permet de modifier la topographie des surfaces avant le dĂ©pĂŽt de films minces d’oxyde de titane. Nous prĂ©sentons sur le poster les rĂ©sultats obtenus rĂ©cemment par microscopie Ă  force atomique et par microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  balayage sur les diffĂ©rents types de surface. L’analyse des courbes de rĂ©flectivitĂ© des rayons X nous a permis de dĂ©terminer prĂ©cisĂ©ment l’épaisseur des films dĂ©posĂ©s et de suivre les modifications de la composition chimique suivant les paramĂštres appliquĂ©s

    Signal Transmission Across Tile Assemblies: 3D Static Tiles Simulate Active Self-Assembly by 2D Signal-Passing Tiles

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    The 2-Handed Assembly Model (2HAM) is a tile-based self-assembly model in which, typically beginning from single tiles, arbitrarily large aggregations of static tiles combine in pairs to form structures. The Signal-passing Tile Assembly Model (STAM) is an extension of the 2HAM in which the tiles are dynamically changing components which are able to alter their binding domains as they bind together. For our first result, we demonstrate useful techniques and transformations for converting an arbitrarily complex STAM+^+ tile set into an STAM+^+ tile set where every tile has a constant, low amount of complexity, in terms of the number and types of ``signals'' they can send, with a trade off in scale factor. Using these simplifications, we prove that for each temperature τ>1\tau>1 there exists a 3D tile set in the 2HAM which is intrinsically universal for the class of all 2D STAM+^+ systems at temperature τ\tau (where the STAM+^+ does not make use of the STAM's power of glue deactivation and assembly breaking, as the tile components of the 2HAM are static and unable to change or break bonds). This means that there is a single tile set UU in the 3D 2HAM which can, for an arbitrarily complex STAM+^+ system SS, be configured with a single input configuration which causes UU to exactly simulate SS at a scale factor dependent upon SS. Furthermore, this simulation uses only two planes of the third dimension. This implies that there exists a 3D tile set at temperature 22 in the 2HAM which is intrinsically universal for the class of all 2D STAM+^+ systems at temperature 11. Moreover, we show that for each temperature τ>1\tau>1 there exists an STAM+^+ tile set which is intrinsically universal for the class of all 2D STAM+^+ systems at temperature τ\tau, including the case where τ=1\tau = 1.Comment: A condensed version of this paper will appear in a special issue of Natural Computing for papers from DNA 19. This full version contains proofs not seen in the published versio

    Multiblock High Order Large Eddy Simulation of Powered Fontan Hemodynamics: Towards Computational Surgery

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    Children born with only one functional ventricle must typically undergo a series of three surgeries to obtain the so-called Fontan circulation in which the blood coming from the body passively flows from the Vena Cavae (VCs) to the Pulmonary Arteries (PAs) through the Total Cavopulmonary Connection (TCPC). The circulation is inherently inefficient due to the lack of a subpulmonary ventricle. Survivors face the risk of circulatory sequelae and eventual failure for the duration of their lives. Current efforts are focused on improving the outcomes of Fontan palliation, either passively by optimizing the TCPC, or actively by using mechanical support. We are working on a chronic implant that would be placed at the junction of the TCPC, and would provide the necessary pressure augmentation to re-establish a circulation that recapitulates a normal two-ventricle circulation. This implant is based on the Von Karman viscous pump and consists of a vaned impeller that rotates inside the TCPC. To evaluate the performance of such a device, and to study the flow features induced by the presence of the pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used. CFD has become an important tool to understand hemodynamics owing to the possibility of simulating quickly a large number of designs and flow conditions without any harm for patients. The transitional and unsteady nature of the flow can make accurate simulations challenging. We developed and in-house high order Large Eddy Simulation (LES) solver coupled to a recent Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) to handle complex geometries. Multiblock capability is added to the solver to allow for efficient simulations of complex patient specific geometries. Blood simulations are performed in a complex patient specific TCPC geometry. In this study, simulations without mechanical assist are performed, as well as after virtual implantation of the temporary and chronic implants being developed. Instantaneous flow structures, hepatic factor distribution, and statistical data are presented for all three cases

    Discovery of a probable 4-5 Jupiter-mass exoplanet to HD 95086 by direct-imaging

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    Direct imaging has just started the inventory of the population of gas giant planets on wide-orbits around young stars in the solar neighborhood. Following this approach, we carried out a deep imaging survey in the near-infrared using VLT/NaCo to search for substellar companions. We report here the discovery in L' (3.8 microns) images of a probable companion orbiting at 56 AU the young (10-17 Myr), dusty, and early-type (A8) star HD 95086. This discovery is based on observations with more than a year-time-lapse. Our first epoch clearly revealed the source at 10 sigma while our second epoch lacked good observing conditions hence yielding a 3 sigma detection. Various tests were thus made to rule out possible artifacts. This recovery is consistent with the signal at the first epoch but requires cleaner confirmation. Nevertheless, our astrometric precision suggests the companion to be comoving with the star, with a 3 sigma confidence level. The planetary nature of the source is reinforced by a non-detection in Ks-band (2.18 microns) images according to its possible extremely red Ks - L' color. Conversely, background contamination is rejected with good confidence level. The luminosity yields a predicted mass of about 4-5MJup (at 10-17 Myr) using "hot-start" evolutionary models, making HD 95086 b the exoplanet with the lowest mass ever imaged around a star.Comment: accepted for publication to APJ

    On the generalized Davenport constant and the Noether number

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    Known results on the generalized Davenport constant related to zero-sum sequences over a finite abelian group are extended to the generalized Noether number related to the rings of polynomial invariants of an arbitrary finite group. An improved general upper bound is given on the degrees of polynomial invariants of a non-cyclic finite group which cut out the zero vector.Comment: 14 page

    Revealing Hidden Potentials of the q-Space Signal in Breast Cancer

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    Mammography screening for early detection of breast lesions currently suffers from high amounts of false positive findings, which result in unnecessary invasive biopsies. Diffusion-weighted MR images (DWI) can help to reduce many of these false-positive findings prior to biopsy. Current approaches estimate tissue properties by means of quantitative parameters taken from generative, biophysical models fit to the q-space encoded signal under certain assumptions regarding noise and spatial homogeneity. This process is prone to fitting instability and partial information loss due to model simplicity. We reveal unexplored potentials of the signal by integrating all data processing components into a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that is designed to propagate clinical target information down to the raw input images. This approach enables simultaneous and target-specific optimization of image normalization, signal exploitation, global representation learning and classification. Using a multicentric data set of 222 patients, we demonstrate that our approach significantly improves clinical decision making with respect to the current state of the art.Comment: Accepted conference paper at MICCAI 201
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